The Chrysalids

THE CHRYSALIDS – FINAL RESPONSE The Chrysalids, by John Wyndham is a story about a world where people will not accept differences, whether it is physical, psychological or spiritual. There are many themes in this story. A major theme is satire. David’s society is â€Å"mocking† our society, in real life. Societies, David’s and ours have many similarities. Ever since the beginning, mankind has excluded others for their differences. Whether it is for the color of their skin, or another physical appearance, we all have judged or have been judged unfairly by the people around us. Another major theme of this story is justice and humanity. When Uncle Axel explains the other places and people outside of Waknuk, it shows that people differ in viewpoints, and have different ways of seeing things. We are ignorant when we do not see the way others see things, or when we do not accept other because of their differences. In many cases, a person is â€Å"shunned† from a group because others do not like a certain characteristic that makes them unique. Sometimes, individuals are cast out because others are afraid of their differences that make them superior, or more advantageous. In the novel, the people of Waknuk were devoted to capturing the outlaws, because they were afraid of the group’s ability. Trust is also a theme of this story. David has many people around him, but he cannot trust everyone. Once you get to know a person, you can develop and discover a trust between you. David develops a very strong trust with his Uncle. They share everything, including emotions, opinions, and experiences. However, David does not trust his father, even though his relation means there should be a stronger bond. Anne trusted Alan more than she trusted the group. This is an example of ignorance, and not taking the time to get to know how a person is. The Chrysalids is a fascinating, yet gripping journey about inhumanity, bigotry, intolerance, justice, and lastly solidarity. It is not a surprise at all, that humans can be so cruel, and narrow-minded. Us humans are one have the most powerful and forces that exist. Our life is precious, and we usually do not take notice, and waste that life, or use it the wrong way. Human nature is something that will always exist. Without it, we would have no ideal world. ———————– The Chrysalids THE CHRYSALIDS – FINAL RESPONSE The Chrysalids, by John Wyndham is a story about a world where people will not accept differences, whether it is physical, psychological or spiritual. There are many themes in this story. A major theme is satire. David’s society is â€Å"mocking† our society, in real life. Societies, David’s and ours have many similarities. Ever since the beginning, mankind has excluded others for their differences. Whether it is for the color of their skin, or another physical appearance, we all have judged or have been judged unfairly by the people around us. Another major theme of this story is justice and humanity. When Uncle Axel explains the other places and people outside of Waknuk, it shows that people differ in viewpoints, and have different ways of seeing things. We are ignorant when we do not see the way others see things, or when we do not accept other because of their differences. In many cases, a person is â€Å"shunned† from a group because others do not like a certain characteristic that makes them unique. Sometimes, individuals are cast out because others are afraid of their differences that make them superior, or more advantageous. In the novel, the people of Waknuk were devoted to capturing the outlaws, because they were afraid of the group’s ability. Trust is also a theme of this story. David has many people around him, but he cannot trust everyone. Once you get to know a person, you can develop and discover a trust between you. David develops a very strong trust with his Uncle. They share everything, including emotions, opinions, and experiences. However, David does not trust his father, even though his relation means there should be a stronger bond. Anne trusted Alan more than she trusted the group. This is an example of ignorance, and not taking the time to get to know how a person is. The Chrysalids is a fascinating, yet gripping journey about inhumanity, bigotry, intolerance, justice, and lastly solidarity. It is not a surprise at all, that humans can be so cruel, and narrow-minded. Us humans are one have the most powerful and forces that exist. Our life is precious, and we usually do not take notice, and waste that life, or use it the wrong way. Human nature is something that will always exist. Without it, we would have no ideal world. ———————–

Marxist Criticism Is Always Concerned with the Class Struggle in History.

The main aim of Marxism is to bring about a classless society. Thus the reason I chose to study George Orwell's Animal Farm is because its characters share (originally) this same ambition. Animal Farm represents the oppressed masses rising up and forming a ‘classless' society of their own. While offering a critique of communism in general, the book also serves to act as a mirror of Soviet Russia under Stalin. As reflected throughout the text, it was no secret Orwell considered Russia, and consequently Communism, a counter-revolutionary force that would inevitably become corrupted by greed and power. Indeed, perhaps in order to go further in offering a Marxist reading of the text, it is necessary to pass judgement on the author and the epoch in which the book was written. In doing so, I hope to show just how progressive (or anti-progressive) the book is. From almost the very beginning of this book it possible to see Orwell's criticism of Karl Marx, displayed through ‘Old Major'. Many of the characters in the book symbolize real political figures. Old Major' is very much like Karl Marx, at times he appears single minded and unrealistic. Before his death ‘Old Major' gave an unwavering speech stating no animal should ever â€Å"touch money, or engage in trade† . This is clearly a direct criticism of Karl Marx's naivety, as shown later through Orwell's narration: Never to have any dealings with human beings, never to engage in trade, never to make use of money – had these not been among the earliest resolutions passed at the first triumphant meeting when Jon es was expelled? It soon becomes clear that ‘Animalism' (which bears a striking resemblance to communism) is a system that cannot be maintained the way originally intended. The morals that, at first, rule on the farm become controls. The animals effectively split themselves into ‘classes'. This class splitting becomes accepted as normal through a process of Hegemony . As described by Raymond Williams, hegemony is a form of social control that becomes accepted as ‘normal' after becoming the predominant influence. Indeed the notion of hegemony is closely related to a concept developed by the French Marxist Louis Althusser. Althusser's theory of Ideological Structures becomes hugely relevant when applied to Orwell's political satire. These Ideological structures are effectively institutions that prevent the masses causing a revolution. In the case of religion for instance, a Marxist would suggest that it prevents a revolution by imposing the notion that you will be rewarded in the ‘after-life', for all you put up with in this life. The manor in which religion is depicted in Animal Farm leads one to think that Orwell was not a particularly religious man, and in this instance at least he would have agreed with Marx's views on the subject. Here religion is portrayed through the aptly named Moses, the raven. Moses refuses to listen to the rebellious speech given by Old Major, though later preaches about a magical place for all animals called ‘Sugar Candy Mountain'. In Animal Farm the pigs work hard to convince the other animals that ‘Sugar Candy Mountain' (heaven) does not exist, though, significantly, this is done before the rebellion takes place. This shows a slightly hypocritical side to Marx's work because after the rebellion takes place the pigs are keen to enforce their own ideology on to the other animals (proletariat), leading to the important question ‘Is the will of the people also transferred to their leader†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ In this instance the answer seems to be a resounding ‘No'. However on second reading, it could be argued that, up until the very climax of the book, the animals actually get what they want. One gets the impression that in offering a true Marxist critique of the book, it is actually the case that the animals do achieve their top priority; ousting man. In this sense they do become free (from man at least) and it is only their subsequent inability to grasp the prospect of equality that leads to another regime of dictatorship. Although at the same time it cannot be argued that the majority of the animals (or the ‘masses' as they appropriately refer to themselves) are treated fairly. Evidence of this can be found in the extract of the book I have largely chosen to focus my attentions on (appendix one), where from the outset the animals, in my opinion, are treat worse than ever before. As a result of the revolution that took place on the farm the animals, excluding the pigs, presume that the luxuries that were once taken away from them, such as milk and apples, would be shared equally among the group, however this is not the case: (p. 23) You do not imagine, I hope, that we pigs are doing this in a spirit of selfishness and privilege. Many of us actually dislike milk and apples†¦ milk and apples (this has been proven by science, comrades) contain substances absolutely necessary to the well being of the pig. We pigs are brainworkers. (Appendix one) Consequently the animals find themselves in a state of confusion. Their situation, they are constantly reassured, is better than before. They now live under their original ideal of animalism, they are told. This can be closely related to the theory of ‘Carbonarism', which was identified as having been created under the Italian Communist Party (1921-43). The theory is largely based around the recurring tendency to distract the masses from the ‘real' (or perhaps relevant) problems that were occurring under communist rule. In reality the animals are living under a harsh dictatorship, under the veil of animalism. Engels refers to this as an illusion of democracy. By creating this illusion of democracy the ruling class (Napoleon/Stalin) can ensure they stay in power, while everything will stay ‘natural' to the proletariat. Indeed this illusion of democracy is further emphasized when the animals are asked questions by the pigs; questions to which there can be only one possible reply. In a sense the rhetorical questions act as a tool to reinforce the false class-consciousness: It is for your sake that we pigs drink that milk and eat those apples. Do you know what would happen if we pigs failed our duty? Jones would come back! Surely comrades†¦ surely there is no one among you who wants to see Jones come back? (p. 23) Althusser calls this Interpellation. A process where by a person is made to feel like they have a choice, when actually the ‘choice' does not exist. Peter Barry offers an example: ‘You can have any colour you like†¦ as long as it's black' Animal Farm can also be linked to another theory. The German philosopher Friedrich Hegel offered the notion that contrasting ideas can be bring about new situations, this is known as the dialectic. Thus, a process whereby ‘contradictions are inherent to its structure' becomes particularly relevant when discussing Animal Farm. Hegel's dialectic was constructed around three key concepts: the thesis, the antithesis and the resolution. What Karl Marx did was effectively reinterpret Hegel's work and relate it to his own concepts based on class struggle. Thus, Hegel's thesis becomes Marx's ‘the way things are'; Hegel's antithesis became ‘the conflict' and the resolution, or the ideal, communism. This process is known as ‘dialectical Marxism'. However, what Hegel or Marx failed to anticipate was the collapse of their ideal, once it became accepted (‘the way things are). Indeed, I contend that Hegel's dialectic was a process fuelled by repetition. In other words, it will continue a ‘natural' process through the stages until the resolution is reached and when the resolution fails, it will start again. This undoubtedly is the case in Animal Farm, where once the animals achieve the goal, they slip back into Hegel's thesis. In terms of offering a Marxist reading, the era in which the book was written and, significantly, published is very important and relevant to Orwell's satire. Animal Farm was written in 1943 (the end of communist Russia), but not published until after the end of the Second World War in 1945. Indeed at such a historical moment in time, I believe that a Marxist would see Orwell as a product of the society in which he was raised, and therefore the book becomes the ‘bi-product'. Too add weight to this argument, the dominant ideologies at work at the time the book was written suggest Orwell had capitalist ideals at heart. However, George Orwell was an active socialist. He did strongly oppose the views of Karl Marx and was not impressed with the idea of communism, but he was equally opposed to the idea of capitalism. Therefore I believe that Animal Farm should not be regarded as the ‘bi-product' of the distinctly capitalist society Orwell was a part of. Instead I argue that Animal Farm is the consequence of such a system in which Orwell was expected to conform. This would perhaps explain why it took so long to get published; society (capitalists and Marxists) was weary.

Business Ethics - Company Scholastic Research Paper

Business Ethics - Company Scholastic - Research Paper Example Scholastic Corporation is a global publishing company which publishes books for educational purpose mainly for school, teachers and including parents. For about 90 years parents and teachers have recognized Scholastic as a trusted brand name in terms of learning. The company remains focused on providing and encouraging children to read as well as love to learn. Scholastic was founded in the year 1920 by Robinson and in the current fiscal has revenue amounting to $2billion and is recognized as the global leader in children’s brand and has distribution with more than 9500 employees globally (Scholastic, 2012). Does your organization have a published code of ethics? If so, how do they promote this code? The Scholastic has a published code of ethics for its employees. The Scholastic code of ethics is based on the company’s Credo and Editorial Platform which also sets the company’s belief of how the children, teachers and parents must be treated by the company.The Boa rd of Directors of Scholastic has set a high standard for the employees, directors and officers. The philosophy is to have sound corporate governance and it’s the duty of the directors to act as a prudent fiduciary for the shareholders. To fulfill the company’s responsibilities and act accordingly, the Board of Directors follows a standard and the procedures which are set forth in the guidelines issued by the company (Scholastic, 2012). Scholastic promotes its code of ethics by applying it into practical life and the result can be determined as it’s the global leader in publishing books and the most trusted publishing company. Scholastic believes in dignity and worth of individual For example the company Scholastic, organizes thematic lessons in order to welcome students and to build a community. As a part of their code of ethics the company is trying to promote through creative lessons which are a perfect means to warm the skills required after summer vacation (Scholastic-b. 2012). How would you classify your organization’s ethical orientation? Ethics is classified under two broad headings which are termed as normative ethics, which means how principles, values and beliefs should be determined and descriptive ethics which includes beliefs, morals and principles which people abide by. Normative ethics refers to the norms and guidelines; it signifies an ideal behavior so that it can be termed as proper. This form of ethics tends to answers moral queries which concern the act of people and their behavior. The normative ethics helps in

The User Manual for a Printer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The User Manual for a Printer - Essay Example The papers are usually of standard sizes. The standard sizes allowed are such as A3, A4 or A5 sizes depending on the size of the print device. These sheets of paper are usually placed on a tray on the side of the print device from which they are rolled in whenever information requires being printed. Print devices vary in speed, size, cost, and sophistication. The print devices get more expensive with higher resolution printing color and or what it prints. Before using the print device, first, ensure that it has been installed correctly on the computer. After this, adjust the printer features. The printer features include the paper input, test print, maintenance, system and host interface, SRL, (2009). These features are adjustable at the print device’s interface. These printer features usually allow one to get to the basic printer settings that are in charge of controlling the printer’s operations. The following are the steps to follow when first using a print device. First set the sheets of paper fittingly on the pushed out tray of the printer. Different paper size can be noted by the labels on the different trays of the printer. The next step is that of setting the print activity or canceling a print in progress. On the menu, select [file] then click on [print]. The next step is to select the printer you want to use the [name] list, it will show a list of your printers. Select the printer you want to use and select [OK ]. Click [OK] to begin printing. When canceling a printing session in progress, first double click on the printer icon. Select the job you would like to end and click [cancel printing]. Printer Reference, (2011). This part deals with the prompt messages that periodically show on the display.  

3D Printing in Architecture depends on Tessellation Essay

3D Printing in Architecture depends on Tessellation - Essay Example In older days, architecture was known as a field which was dependent upon the manually made three-dimensional models and designs.Today, thanks to technology and development, these models are made with the help of software and executed using modern techniques Many of these techniques help the architects to present their ideas through designing software and programs such as the CAD techniques. As the trends have changed, the architecture processes are now more dependent upon techniques such as tessellations. However, many architects today believe that 3D printing in architecture mainly depends on tessellations. Tessellation refers to the placing of shapes repeatedly to form a pattern. These shapes are repeated again and again to cover the spaces and overlap one another. Tiling is another word for tessellation which refers to the filling of spaces with tiles such as on floors, ceilings or walls. The tessellation technique is widely used in the world around us whether it is in mathematic s, natural world, arts or architecture. It is known as a technique which enables the architects to create structures and interiors1. The process is closely related to architecture as there are many aspects which need the process and application of tessellation such as the facade of the building, the material used or the interior walls. Figure 1 shows a form of 3D tessellation. Figure 1. TurboSquid, 2013 This essay addresses the need of tessellation in CAD and 3D printing used in architecture. 3D designs in tessellations are greatly used in architecture nowadays, and the modern methods rely on tessellation techniques and materials. The essay discloses how this is applied and what the critiquing views of this process are. Tessellation is used mainly because of its application in many processes. The methods are easy and useful for many procedures in architecture. However, this essay will assess the methods, procedures and problems of using tessellation in architecture identifying why i t is the most important factor. Literature The architecture today has a different meaning than it had several years ago. Today, the 3D printing and designing is a huge part of the architectural industry. The designs are made and executed through computer programs and 3D models. From the initial stages of building the structure till the last stage, 3D designing is used. On the initial stage, when the architect is told about the space and size of the structure, s/he uses computer programming to build diagrams and illustrations of how the building will be structured. There are special programs that automatically measure and illustrate all calculations and measurements. These programs build 3D blocks and diagrams which present the structure and how it will be organized2. 3D block diagrams are the most commonly used programs for the initial stages. Many architects use these 3D tools to build graphics for their structures. These computer models show all graphics and details of the structu re including rooms, walk ways, lifts, etc. and all from different angles and perspectives. CAD applications are used for the clients so that they can easily understand the 3D design. The use of these programs does not only make the work of the architect easier, but it also saves a lot of time of the planning, executing and applying. Figure 2 shows a 3D model made using computer programming. The figure shows how the structure includes various aspects that will make it easier for the constructor as well as the client. These models give a clearer picture of the building than ledgers and spreadsheets. This is because the data and information is delivered using graphics, pictures and 3D designing rather than coded information in rows and columns3. Figure 2. 3D Printing in AEC, 2011 The nature of the architectural design requires many creative and technical aspects which can be fulfilled by the CAD software which is the computer-aided design program. CAD programs allow the

Managing change and team working in a hospital Essay

Managing change and team working in a hospital - Essay Example Therefore, to lead changes successfully, leaders are supposed to be able to describe the process of change within the organization and how it can affect individuals within the firm. Thus, this paper will have a report on managing change and team working in the medical assessment unit. The change that I would like implement in my area, medical assessment unit, is to introduce a wall mounted that shows date, day, time and location. The TV will also display seasonal slideshows that are visual cues as to the time of the year, and they give enjoyable outside pictorial view that is often not available and can also enhance conversations. I want to carry out the implementation since it will help the confused patients and those with dementia with their surroundings and to make them be aware of date and time. Thus, my objective is to minimize confusion and prevent healthcare team answering repeated questions. To successfully implement the changes, I am required to analyze the policy drivers, internal barriers and drivers, anticipated benefits, the strategies work team engagement and measuring success methods following the changes in the unit. The policy drivers refer to the principle adopted by the organization or team management (Bellman, 2003). It is heavily influenced public opinion, objective information, and the media. In this case, the medical assessment unit has diverse policies that drive to the need for change. Firstly, the unit is expected to implement standing protocols or orders that facilitate prompt, accurate patient treatment and assessment. Mounting a TV that contain the time and date will help in having accurate patient treatment and assessment. For instance, the patient is able to take their medicine on time as instructed by the doctor. Secondly, the medical assessment unit requires the application of an estimated time and date of discharge on admission to improve timely discharge and care coordination (Boshoff, & Bone, 2005).

Applied Linguistics and Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Applied Linguistics and Communication - Essay Example A different language is a different vision of life. Learning languages helps one to grow spiritually, allows him to understand other’s thoughts and helps him to promote peace. Thus, he develops an antagonistic felling against social and moral evils like racism, terrorism and discrimination. With the emergence of globalisation, importance of learning and understanding other languages has increased significantly. It provides a comparative analysis, through which one can compare the variations in different cultures, broadens vision and helps to understand the true motive of life. It also prevents misunderstandings which are evident because of linguistic barriers. Newer languages are a treat for the human mind because it increases the tendency to communicate and socialise. People who learn foreign languages demonstrate greater cognitive development in particular areas such as mental flexibility, creativity, and higher order thinking. Each region has a multiple, self- defined set o f languages which not only reflects the prevalent culture but also represents the traditions and in some places, the norms. By not understanding the language of a particular region, one is deprived of the knowledge and culture of that region which makes him intolerant and bias towards that region. In order to comprehend the mental approach of different people, it is essential to learn their language.

Financial Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 7

Financial Management - Essay Example If the current ratio is below 1, the company is said to be unable to meet its liabilities. In the M. D. Ryngaert & Co, the profitability may have contributed to the increase in the current ration and making the turnover ratio to remain constant. The profits got from the daily operations in the company are used to expand the operations thereby leading to the changes in the current ratio. This includes the gross and the net profit after the daily expenses are deducted from the revenues got. The gross profit is used to determine the margins the company is getting. In the same way, it can be a measure of the efficiency of the company in carrying out its operations (Milkovinch, 2010). On the other hand the net profitability depends on the daily expenses in the company. The higher the expenses the lower the net profit and this will affect the company’s running. This may result to the company selling some of its current assets in order to meet the liabilities. Many scholars have advanced in the analyzing on the reasons that would lead to an increase in the current ratio while the turnover ratio remains constant. The major explanation given to this would be the improved liquidity in the company. According to Thomas (2003), liquidity is the capital already available in a firm. In a deeper explanation, a company’s liquidity is the amount of cash or capita which is available for use or spending. In the M.D Ryngaert & Co. the rise in the current ratio while the turnover ratio remains constant can be attributed to several reasons. The company may have seen an improvement in the liquidity due to some reasons. In the M. D. Ryngaert & Co, the external cash flow may have been directed to acquiring new products or the getting more employees. All this may have contributed to the rising of the increased current ratio while the turnover ratio remained constant. In cases where the current ratio of a company falls below 1, the company is unable to meet its

Labor Issues in Human Resources Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Labor Issues in Human Resources - Essay Example The essay "Labor Issues in Human Resources" talks about the labor issues in human resources. HR has a lot of changes that it can undertake to avert the problem. There are some of the defined roles of the HR that it can major on heavily to ensure that it undertakes its roles effectively.After reading the article on HR, I can answer the three questions provided. We love to hate HR Since most HR managers usually focus a lot on the â€Å"administrivia† thus presenting a lack vision and strategic Insight that is desirable for their work. Such complaints have a cyclical quality, and they are normally pushed by the business context. When firms and companies strive with the labor issues, then HR becomes an indispensable leadership, partner. The office of the HR bosses the working staffs a lot and is not comparable to any other office in a firm, not even the finance office.HR has a lot of changes that it can undertake to avert the problem. There are some of the defined roles of the HR that it can major on heavily to ensure that it undertakes its roles effectively. These roles include managing layoffs process and generating flexible work arrangements. The HR is also tasked with creating a Performance management as there the typical difference from the old type of Performance Management and the current modern type management. The HR is intensely entailed in the recruiting process since they are structured or skilled to create interviews that help in singling out the identity the best candidates.

Applying to Northern Ontario School of Medicine Essay

Applying to Northern Ontario School of Medicine - Essay Example 2. How have your academic, work and life experiences prepared you for being a student at Northern Ontario School of Medicine and for studying and working in rural, remote and/or northern urban communities? I was born in Ghana, an under-developed country where majority of the population live in poverty. People had little to no access to resources such as good schools, libraries, computers, tutoring, and activities pertinent to health care. My family migrated to Toronto in 1994 when I was 13. Being a minority my parents had to settle for low income jobs. As the oldest child, I was compelled to work odd jobs to contribute to the household earnings while in high school. We were forced to live in ‘ghettos and remote areas,’ with very poor housing and health care services. Many of my peers dropped out of high school, became pregnant and some turned to selling drugs. While growing up, and to some extent today, I lack the basic resources needed to develop academically and profes sionally. Despite all of this, I acclimatized very well into my environment and have been successful in my educational choices. The hardships that I have overcome have only made me a better person and I would not be here today if it were not the same. With my diverse background I believe I am ready to study and to work at rural communities where I could give back in some way.4. List activities and interests outside academic and work environments not detailed elsewhere in the application.

Ethics Choice in the Workplace Essay Example for Free

Ethics Choice in the Workplace Essay Ethics and corporate social responsibility (CSR) becomes one of key point to evaluation business value. â€Å"In today’s highly interconnected, global, and transparent world, corporations are finding that social responsibility is essential to fundamental business strategy† (Trevino Nelson, 2010, page 332). The main purpose of this paper is to offer readers an overview and concept about the role of ethics and social responsibility in food industry. Besides that, some ethical problems of organizations, stakeholder perspective on the firm and some recommendations are listed. Ethics Choice in the Workplace Regarding to corporate ethics and CSR are exposed, both consumers and governments are focusing their attention on corporate social responsibility practices (Maloni Brown, 2006). Ferrell, Geoffrey Ferrell (2011, p.38) stated, â€Å"business ethics as the principles and standards that determine acceptable conduct in business organizations†. The behavior of acceptability is confirmed by many stakeholders of organizations such as customers, suppliers, employees, government regulators, owners as well as community. Ethics and social responsibilities are influent to business strategy and setting in recently. White (2012) claimed social responsibilities manage on decision making from top level to bottom line of firms. Ethics and Social Responsibilities are being evaluated as a key successful factor to measure organization outcomes. Ethics Issues in Business In order to identify certain situations that affected by various environmental and individual factors as ethical or unethical decision (Bommer, Gravander Tuttle,1987). The identification is impacted by bias, principles, concepts and definitions of social group or community. These standards are different from geographies, races, languages, time, etc. According to Ferell et all, 2011, ethics is related to organizations’ culture, financial status and business objective. Plenty of ethical issues in business can be classified into their relative behavior as abusive and intimidating behavior, conflicts of interest, fairness and honesty, communications, and business associations. Abusive and Intimidating Behavior Actions in working environment caused other people physical threats, being annoying, harshness, or even though bypassing some individual opinions. Abusive can be considered as a distraction or disruption of the workplace (Ferell et all, 2011). Intensity of voice, situation of speaking and used words are factors to be determined to abusive or un-abusive. Conflicts of interest This kind of conflicts occurs quite frequently in reality. For instance, managers could make decisions either to reinforce their power or enhance benefit to shareholders. A CEO will keep confidential a bad financial status to board of director sometimes. The conflict is often among employees because they use the same resources. Un-transparency of gifts may effect to outcome decisions to be an illegal or un-ethical behavior. Fairness and Honesty Fairness and honesty is the most important of business ethics and create general values of decision makers (Ferell et all, 2011). For instance, some newspapers claimed there are some exceed ingredients in power milk caused harmfulness to children health 2 years ago. In addition, Microsoft window software is still being cracked very popularly in China and Vietnam in particular even though people knew these products are protected by copyright law. Communications Communication is one of effective tools to bring product ideas and images to consumers. However, some organizations transferred to community incorrect information about their products. Under-weight or over-weight harmful of ingredients, food safety and hygiene are the most of improper announcement in advertising and labels. Furthermore, there is lack of information to compare differences or similarities between products (Ferell et all, 2011). For example, many people does not know how differentiated among Uniliver’s detergents: OMO, Viso, and Suff. Business Relations This ethical behavior is relevant to business relations to customers, suppliers, bosses vs. their staff and others in their workplace that create to ethical concerns. Managers take advantages on legitimate and authority roles to supervise their staff. Sometime they play Lording games to reinforce their power (Mintzberg, 1985). In reality, commission and gifts are used very popularly on Sales and Marketing. In Vietnam, gifts are considered as traditional requirement on national holidays. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Corporate Social Responsibility â€Å"means that organizations should take responsibility for their impact on society and the environment† (Castka Balzarova, 2007, p.297). Every organization should build and adopt their owned CSR plans. There are four dimensions or four faces of social responsibility: economic, legal, ethical, and philanthropic (which sometimes call voluntary, altruistic or humanitarian) (Ferell et all, 2011) and (Geoffrey, 2001). Economic Responsibilities. Business organizations are groups to conduct goods or service to satisfy consumers as well as create jobs for community (Geoffrey, 2001). Firms should pay fair to workers, look for new resources, technical innovation and celebrate a friendly and fairly working environment. Therefore, economic responsibility â€Å"is to be profitable for principles by delivering a good quality product at a fair price is due to customers† (Geoffrey, 2001, p. 3). Novak (1996, p. 139-145) defined seven economic responsibilities. There are to (1) satisfy customers with goods and services of real value, (2) make a reasonable return on the funds entrusted to the business corporation by its investors, (3) create new wealth which reduce poorness as their wages rises, (4) create new jobs to enhance worker incomes, (5) defeat envy by generating people values and creations that can improve their conditions, (6) promote ingenuity and invention, (7) diversify the interest s of the republic. Legal responsibi lities. Legal behavior is obeying the law by playing rules and policies of the game. The business laws are passed by the society and community. The laws tell organizations what should or should not be done. However, the laws often provide a minimum level or a floor of moral that â€Å"might be followed involuntarily out of fear of punishment rather than voluntarily out of internal moral conviction† (Geoffrey, 2001, p. 4). Ethical responsibilities. Ethical duties overcome limitations of legal responsibilities. They include moral, doing what is right, just, fair and avoiding harm to society and community even if preventing harm caused by others (Smith Quelch, 1993). This behavior shows how wealth the organization affects non-economic aspects of society, such as benefit to employees, how closely working environment is, as well as natural environment. Altruistic responsibilities This kind of responsibilities display in the forms of voluntary service, association and giving, offer over of legal of society floor principles. Over the half of century, business increasingly has been judged not only by its economic and its ethical performance, but also by its social contributions (Geoffrey, 2001). Conclusion By understanding deeply Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility, businesses can adopt not only get higher profit or outcomes but also be interested to society, community and natural environment. For the time being, we can expect to hear more about social responsibility and much of what of our companies do to give a hand to build our society around us.

Development Of Milk And Dairy Sector In Georgia Marketing Essay

Development Of Milk And Dairy Sector In Georgia Marketing Essay The purpose of the research was to identify the obstacle and barriers which discourage milk and dairy sector in Georgia. Through interviews with experienced people in this field and deep research, the main problems will be ascertained. First I define the current situation in Georgia including Georgian breeds of cows, organizations and projects involved in this sector and the opinion of experienced people about current situation. I gathered information from Danish, Swiss, Indian and American dairy sector reports, which gave the helped me to identify what necessary factors of successful milk sector lacks Georgia. At the end of the research implementation and best possible recommendations and will be offered. INTRODUCTION It has been a long time since milk became an everyday product for humans. Today milk is consumed by many people in their everyday lives and milk production is high in order to satisfy demand. Milk is high in nutritional value; it is a great source of essential Vitamins that are vital to the human organism. Many dairy products are made from milk such as butter, ice-cream, cheese, cottage cheese, flavored milk drinks, yogurt, and cream and so on. Georgia faces some problems with milk production. The local fresh milk is available only seasonally (from April till October), in Winter only imported powdered milk from Ukraine or Belarus is accessible. Another problem is degeneration of thoroughbred cows; they are mixed with local mongrel cows, which results in fewer productivity. Cows in Georgia usually produce two to three tones of milk in a year, comparison to European cows it is twice smaller number. Georgia has a great potential to flourish this sector, but it is not used properly. Some investment, regulatory rules and support from foreign organizations and Ministry of Agriculture is necessary to solve the obstacles and develop milk production sector in Georgia. Many organization are involved in expand the dairy sector and also couple of projects take place, in order give support to local milk producers. FROM FARM TO TABLE 1.1 Cows and lactation process Cows, our main source of milk, produce about four to seven tons of milk each year. The quantity of milk produced by a cow depends on its weight and its diet. Usually a cow weights from 380 to 720 kilograms and produces 12 times its weight of milk each year. A standard cow eats about 770 kilograms of grain, 1 200 kilograms of grass and hay, 2 800 kilograms of silage and drinks about eight gallons of water every day. Everyday a cow needs to eat more than 2 kilograms of hay and grain which contain essential minerals, vitamins and corn. In order to produce a high quantity of milk, a cow must drink water. Farmers use special milking machines twice in a day. It is necessary for every cow to get milked because once their udders are full they start to feel uncomfortable. Milk must be refrigerated after in order to keep it fresh. Milk producers keep milk refrigerated approximately one to two days after which it is loaded on trucks. Special trucks take it to the factory where it is processed. This is where milk is divided into cream and skim milk and is standardized by the fat content. Milk is delivered to the factory from different farms and thus levels of fat vary. The process of differentiating the milk by the amount of fat is called standardization. The level of fat determines the value of the milk and hence the salary of the farmer. In order to enhance the nutritional value of milk, factories add Vi tamin D and Vitamin A (good for strong teeth and bones). This process is called fortification. The next step is packaging and delivering the milk to stores, where it is also kept in the refrigerators to keep it fresh and cool. Then milk has to be pasteurized to kill and remove the harmful bacteria. This is done by heating it to more than 70 (Celsius) degrees and after 15 seconds suddenly cooling it to 2-3 Celsius, which is its normal storing temperature. After pasteurization and cooling, milk undergoes a process called homogenization, where milk is forced through tiny openings under high pressure. The homogenization process is necessary for breaking down the fatty drops of cream, so every globule of milk will have the same level of cream and the cream will not float on the top of the milk. This whole action from standardization to pasteurization is called processing. Milk producers usually test milk for its water level, fat content and the percentage of bacteria. Water usually is not added to milk. However, sometimes it happens that water from machinery is mixed in with milk by chance. The quality of milk is determined by processing and also on the food intake of the cow. The quantity, quality and flavor o f the milk depend on the food which is eaten by the cow. The main components of milk are 87% water, 4% lipid, 5% lactose (carbohydrate), 3.3% protein and 0.7% minerals. But these numbers can vary depending on the cow breed, its diet and the phase of lactation. Although levels of components vary in milks, different kinds of milk can be stored together in the same tanks. 1.2 Milk process model (Based on Cornell University model) 1.3 Condition of lactation Until lactation the farmer has to make sure that the udder, the flanks and the teats of the milk producing animal are clean. Her udder has to be washed and massaged with a warm detergent sanitizer solution. To decrease infectivity, the first flow of milk from each teat has to be separated from other streams of milk because this flow includes all the organisms that entered the teat while it was opening. It is dangerous, when the producing animal has an infected udder, it might hold numerous, potentially harmful, organisms. In such a case, it is likely, that there will be harmful diseases. One of the most hazardous diseases is called Mastitis, which can add numerous organisms in milk. Farmers have to pay careful attention that the cow is milked until the udder is empty because if some milk remains in the udder it will spoil. Milk usually spoils when microorganisms generate noxious and degraded proteins, fat of milk and carbohydrates. The farmer or the personal responsible for lactation of the milk producing animal has to be in good health condition. Hands have to be washed carefully with special bactericidal solution and the nails have to be kept away from dirt. They have to have a clean handkerchief, a surgical mask and wear neat and clean uniforms. Following protocol is obligatory in order to prevent milk from epidemics and harmful diseases, for the personal or the farmer may be carrier of such infections or diseases. The main milk viruses are brucellosis, tuberculosis and Q fever. However there are also other, infrequent, bacteria and diseases found in milk such as pneumonia, toxoplasmosis, streptococcal infections, and anthrax and so on. 1.4 Milk Powder Powder can be manufactured from milk which has much longer lifecycle than fresh milk does. The powder manufacturing process consists of subtracting water from milk at the lowest possible cost under strict hygiene settings. The 87 percent of water which milk contains is removed by boiling it at low temperature and keeping it under reduced pressure. Approximately thirteen kilograms of milk powder can be produced one hundred liters of milk. In order to liquidate milk, it must be mixed with water. Like normal milk, liquidated milk powder must be refrigerated in order to keep it fresh. One of the main reasons why powder is manufactured is the ease of bulk transportation. It is also cheaper than fresh milk. Fresh milk cannot be transported easily for long distances. For example, if in Georgia there is a shortage of milk; neighboring countries (Ukraine or Belarus) do not export fresh milk because it spoils easily during transportation. It is obvious for everyone, that fresh milk tastes bett er and is healthier than powdered milk. The level of fat in powdered milk is almost zero and it may not be fortified with Vitamin D and Vitamin A. GEORGIA 2.1 Current situation in Georgia In 1993, the population of the area presently under the control of the Georgian Government was some 4.8Â  million. In 2005, the number had decreased to less than 4.3Â  million, but the decrease in population has not affected the urban and rural areas equally. The decrease in the rural population was only some 100,000 people, 20% of the total decrease and less than half of what would have been expected. One of the reasons for this is that when the economy fell and jobs were lost, many Georgians returned to their original rural areas and engaged in agriculture as a survival strategy. Georgia is a mountainous country in which the development of livestock production started long ago. It has always been an important part of the agriculture sector and of the national economy in general. Farmers raised cattle, pigs and chicken in the lowlands, while in the highlands sheep farms were the major source of income for many households. The transition has significantly affected the livestock sector in Georgia. During the social unrest in 1992-93 the number of livestock sharply decreased. These numbers began to increase after 1995. Subsistence farmers diversify their production. They usually own milk producing cows, pigs and a few chickens. Milk, meat and eggs are produced for both home consumption and for sale. The daily cash income of rural households largely depends on the sale of livestock products, especially milk, cheese and meat. The interest of certain companies in the private sector in livestock production has increased over the past 15 years which has increased the use of feed crops in Georgia, especially maize and barley. A rapid increase in maize production following Georgias land privatization policies in the mid-1990s is a direct result of the private sectors interest in livestock. 2.2 Herds of cows in Georgia Most herds of cows in Georgia are a mixed breed in origin. There are a number of different breeds that are commonly identified. The major livestock breeds are: Caucasian mountain breed; Megrelain breed; Caucasian Brown breed, Russian Red breed, Black White Russian Friesian breed and Jercy breed. The Caucasian Mountain breed is predominantly found in North-East Georgia and is considered as a small breed. It weighs approximately 275 kg and produces low quantities of milk. This bread is used for mostly for meat production. The Megrelain breed, mostly found in the valley and mountains in the West Georgia, is also a small breed. However, these cows produce more milk than does the Caucasian mountain breed. It produces approximately 500 to 1 500 liters per lactation, depending on the supplementary food that is given to the producing animal. It has a reddish or brownish coat and weights about 300 kilograms. The Caucasian Brown breed produces significantly more milk than both the Megrelian b reed and the Caucasian Mountain breed. These cows are the offspring of Brown Swiss bulls with the local breeds. They weigh about 500 kilograms and produce from 2 500 to 3000 liters per lactation. The Caucasian Brown breed is a great milk and meat source. Currently most Caucasian brown breeds are producing offspring with local breeds and so, over time, if this trend continues the Caucasian Brown breed may no longer have its genetically superior qualities. Another large breed is the Russian Red breed which weights from 450 to 500 kilograms and can produce from 4 000 to 5000 liters of milk. However, similar to the Caucasian Brown breed, it is breeding with local bulls, which will cause the degradation of the original breed. The Black and White Russian Friesian breed, another large quantity milk source, produces 3 000 to 5 000 liters of milk per lactation. However, this breed is so small in number that it is in danger of becoming extinct. The Jercy breed is originally from Denmark and w as brought to Georgia by UMOCR and financed by USDA in 2002. They were sent to two locations; Sagarejo and Signagi. However, pregnant Jercy cows in Sagarejo had adaptation related problems and did not survive. In contrast, the Jercy cow breeds in Signagi have successfully adapted to their new environment and have increased in number since 2002. The Jercy breed is can produce more milk than local breeds can and its milk has higher levels of fat; approximately 4 to 5 percent. Georgian farmers stated that the average milk yield was around 1,200 kg per cow. However, statistical data in the country and by region and district indicates that the average milk yield varied around 1,000 kg. 2.3 Ascertaining the problems through interview #1 Zurab Tskitishvili, director of a milk production factory and a highly experienced man in this field, agreed to give an interview and share his opinion about the current situation in Georgia concerning milk production, issues regarding livestock, and certain unsolved problems. According to Mr.Tskitishvili Georgian livestock production is below its maximum potential capacity. He stated that, livestock producers lack incentives to produce for large markets because of the absence of reliable supply chains for their products. They predominantly continue to produce at near subsistence levels, with low productivity. At the same time, the larger scale Georgian manufacturers of livestock products are not purchasing the amount of raw materials from Georgian livestock farmers that they could be purchasing. He states that, they could tap into the growing urban markets if they decide to invest the time and money. They face formidable challenges and risks in the development of effective supply ch ains for livestock products. They also face challenges associated with high interest rates and aggressive international competition. Faced with these costs and uncertainties, processors have opted to satisfy most of their demand by importing milk powder. According to Mr.Tskitishvili the effect of these constraints is that the supply chain for the main livestock products is dysfunctional. For farmers, it means that their considerable capital asset in the form of livestock is performing far below its potential, leading directly to severe financial difficulties. Nevertheless, there is an opportunity to supply the urban markets with fresh Georgian-sourced products. Most manufacturers of dairy and meat products confirm that Georgian consumers show a distinct preference for such products, which can easily be sold to them when the necessary supply chains are established. The statistics on agriculture in Georgia are not very reliable since most production comes from farms that consume all or most what they produce. However, estimates show a cattle population of some 1.1 million heads, with slowly rising figures. Milk production reached 700,000 tons of milk in 2001, which is insufficient for the Georgian milk and dairy demand. Self-sufficiency is about 60-65% and the remaining milk products are imported. Average yields are not more than 1,000 1,300 kg/cow per year. These low yields are a result of the loss of the former markets, the undeveloped infrastructure and the lack of support services, such as veterinary services, advisory services, artificial insemination and inputs supply (quality seeds and fertilizers). Many farmers are stuck in a low input low-output trap and domestic production suffers from import competition. The decayed state of the irrigation and drainage systems is also a major constraint to increasing (crop) yields and the competitive ness of domestic production with imports. Moreover, a lack of monitoring of the food intake of cows is also a prevalent problem in Georgia. While Georgia is not a heavily polluted country, the garbage disposal system is poor in some areas. Therefore there is sometimes garbage lying around for cows to eat. Certain cow milk does not meet Georgias food safety and quality standards due to the diet of the cow. In order to increase good quality milk production, it is necessary to strictly monitor what cows are eating. If the government were to establish a good garbage disposal system in these regions then cows would only have access to healthy food Electricity is sometimes not available in certain regions, making it difficult to install milking equipment and cooling tanks in those areas. Fodder production and conservation is difficult because of the lack of farm machinery and good seeds. The lack of farm machinery increases dependence on desirable weather conditions which are beyond the control of cattle grazers and farmers. Concentrates are expensive in relation to the price of milk. Milk production is highly dependent on natural grazing, which combined with spring-calving, causes high seasonal fluctuations in milk production. This is again reflected in the price of milk, which varies from around 25 Tetri/kg (25 Tetri is equivalent to 10 Euro cents) in summer to 45 Tetri/kg in winter. Grain can be sold for 55-60 Tetri/kg in winter. The quantity of animal food products produced within Georgia does not meet the Georgian populations demand for these products. In 2005, (the latest statistical data available) the total milk production in Georgia was 788,000 tons or about 65% higher than 1995. During the same period, per capita milk consumption increased from 146 kg to 238 kg or a 63% increase, while imports increased from 228,000 tons to 268,000 tons or an increase of 12.6%. The majority of the increase in total milk consumption was covered by local production, thus reducing dependency on imports and increasing the self-sufficiency ratio from 68% in 1995 to 75% in 2005. The increase in total milk production was mainly due to an increased number of cows. The main reason for low productivity is the short lactation period (250 to 280 days) and the lack of quality winter feed. During the winter cows are generally not milked. They are mainly fed straw and in some cases with hay. Grass is cut late in the summer when it has already lost its nutritional value. The production of fodder crops is limited by the scarcity of the arable land and lack of irrigation. Milk production from cows can be greatly improved by better nutrition management and health control. 2.4 Ascertaining the management of cow feed through interview #2 After the interview, it became obvious that cow food intake is an unresolved problem. Ia Mirazanshvili, a representative of GRM international, discussed in an interview the details of managing cow feed. She works for GRM international, which is leading international development Management Company specializing in the provision of project design, management expertise and technical assistance to development projects for bilateral and multilateral funding agencies, governments and corporations. GRM international is starting a new project in Georgia which will be based on dairy sector development. Ia Mirazanshvili provided me with the current information and future development strategy regarding feed production. About twelve years ago 260,000ha were used for the production of 516,000 tons of cereals, which represented 36% of the local consumption. In 2005, the total land for cereal production increased to 355,000 ha or by 35.6 %, which resulted in the total production of 703,000 tons, cov ering 49% of the local consumption. One third of the total production, 332.000 tons, was used for feed and two thirds for direct consumption by population. According to statistics from the Office of the Ministry of Agriculture, since 2007 farmers interest in cereal production has significantly declined due to an unfavorable domestic price. In 2005/2006 production of maize amounted to 421,000 tons, half of which was used for animal feed. The self-sufficiency ratio in maize is between 97 percent and 100 percent. In the country, there is only one feed mill located in Marneuli, some 40 km south of Tbilisi. The mill is owned by the Dogan Company from Turkey. It has a capacity of 1 t/h of feed for fish and 5 t/h of feed for cattle. The information on the total volume of feed sold in one year is not available. The mill is not equipped with an analytical laboratory or quality control system. There are no tariff or non-tariff barriers for the importation of compound feed. The majority of sma ll to medium-sized farms do not use compound feed. However, in view of the expected increase in meat consumption (in 2005 per capita meat consumption was 32,5 kg compared with 29 kg in 1995, a 12% increase) and the necessary changes in pig production systems, Mrs. Mirazanshvili assumes that the demand for compound feed, particularly for monogastric animals would increase in the near future. As for the livestock sector, improvement of the local market for locally produced milk and dairy products, stabilization of prices close to their present levels and an increase in milk yields per cow could have a positive impact on demand for milk replacements for calves and on the consumption of compound feed for dairy cattle. Although there is a limited (niche) market for quality beef, it is difficult to assume that cereal based beef production will play an important role in the cattle sector of Georgia. The future development of the feed industry in the country will greatly depend on the level of self-sufficiency in cereals, and the world market prices of cereals and other imported components. It may be assumed that the consumption of cereals for feed production would increase parallel with an increased yield from cereals presently very low at 2.0 tons/ha to a higher level, which should be attainable in the local agro-climatic conditions and improved agronomy. 2.5 Organizations involved in improvements of Georgias milk sector From the interview with her it became obvious that this field is considered an important field by many Georgian and foreign organizations. GRM international along with NGOs and other prominent organizations are involved in the Georgian dairy industry. The Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA), through its implementing agency OPTO International, is managing the ongoing Support to the Milk and Dairy Sector in Georgia project. This project has developed three main components the mobilization and capacity building of small dairy farmers/householders and development of supply chains for milk and dairy products; the establishment of an industry association, the Dairy Industry Promotion Association (DIPA); and improved Food Safety information. The World Bank (WB) is currently preparing a Livestock Development Programme. The formulation report for this project has been presented and the project design is to be discussed in July. UMCOR has carried out agricultural projects in Georg ia since 1997. Although they are not engaged in any project currently, they are assessing potential projects in two regions; Shida Kartli and Samtskhe Javakheti. In both regions they are conducting soil tests and looking at farmer association opportunities. The Georgian Ministry of Agriculture and Food (MAF) imported 10,000 doses of semen from Worldwide Sires in the US (Brown Swiss, Jersey and Holstein), of which 3,000 doses, mainly Jersey, are left. MAF are in the process of importing 500 in-calf heifers (300 Brown Swiss and 200 Holstein). They are planning to distribute up to 30 animals to individual farmers (2,000 Euro per cow). GTZ have their Developing Agrarian Sector project, which has been operating for the past two years. This assists MAF in developing their Food Quality and Safety standards. They have two pilot regions: Samtskhe Javakheti for beef production and Shida Kartli for fruit production. In addition, GTZ ran the Business Development Programme in Borjomi a Regional Development Initiative project with US$ 3.5 million funding from BTC Partners (BP), which ended at the end of 2008. The project was established for a year and a half, concentrating increasing milk production from cows and honey production from bees. They have 1,300 farmers with 5,000 cows, all of which have been registered and ear-tagged. Animal health is a key component of the project; 30% of cow blood samples have been taken and tested. 2.5 SWOT analysis The genetic straits of milk producing cattle in Georgia are problematic in establishing a thriving dairy industry. In order to move one step forward, the genetics of cows in Georgia needs to be improved. Only certain types of cow breeds can produce desirable quantities of milk to fuel a large dairy industry. We can assume that genetic improvement should be an integral and essential element of a complete strategy and national program for dairy development. Perhaps the development of the cattle sub-sector in Georgia could be a part of the solution. Potentials and constraints are summarized in the SWOT analysis above. Defining breeding objectives (e.g. assessment of the market and the future demand for products, increased milk production, type of milk required, desired characteristics of cattle with regard to production systems and methods, etc) is the first step towards the treatment and development of the sub-sector. This should be done by farmers on local levels and coordinated at th e level of the state. SWOT Analysis of Current Production Systems Strengths a) High demand for milk and milk products: in 2005, the country imported 268,000 tons of milk (mainly milk powder) or 25% of the total milk consumption; b) Growing per capita consumption of milk: from 146 kg in 1995 to 238 kg in 2005; c) Nutritional habits of the population and a diet that includes daily consumption of cheese (particularly local types such as Sulguni and Imeruli) and fermented products; d) More than sufficient numbers of cows: in 2007, there were about 700.000 milking cows; e) 276,000 he of pasture land. Weaknesses a) Low productivity of cows about 1000 kg; b) Poor and inadequate nutrition, particularly during the winter; c) Short lactation period 250 to 280 days; d) Poor management of dairy cows and inadequate housing; e) Lack of sanitary control and inadequate veterinary support (TBC, brucellosis, mastitis); f) Difficult access to credit; g) Lack of extension service support; h) Poor rural roads and difficulties in sale of liquid milk to processors; i) Orientation of processors to use reconstituted milk for the production of fermented products. j) Lack of legislation and regulatory measures governing animal production and genetic improvement (food law, animal production laws and regulations). Opportunities a) Meeting the existing demand: local market can absorb 30 to 40 percent higher quantities of locally produced milk and milk products; b) Improved productivity, utilization and management of pastures and meadows (e.g. re-seeding, fertilization, mechanization, conservation of hay and grass silage); c) Increased production of food crops by rational utilization of land and water resources, including use of fallow and temporarily uncultivated land and rehabilitation of irrigation systems; d) Improved utilization of the existing genetic resources by better nutrition, housing, health care and management including separation of males from cows, use of healthy and licensed bulls for natural mating and use of locally produced and imported semen for selected best cows as potential bull mothers; e) Development of market and profit-oriented breeding objectives (e.g. increase in milk yield per cow, increase in slaughter weight of beef, decrease in the total number of cows) and of producer driven, owned and managed breeding programs aimed at genetic improvement through identification of animals, establishment of recording of productive and functional traits, genetic evaluation, use of the best local and imported bulls for natural mating and A.I. including the establishment of herd books of nucleus (elite) national herds of selected breeds and of the improved technical and business cooperation with European and world breed associations; f) Functional cooperatives and producers associations with their own extension and marketing services including milk collection centers established within the framework of development assistance projects with potential of spillover effects. g) Improved institutional framework (producers associations, commercial organization, extension, veterinary care, research) and human resources (training of farmers and technicians, international technical and commercial cooperation) in support of the attainment of policy, production and breeding objectives. h) Approval of legislative measures related to animal production, protection of consumers and safety of food; Threats a) Substantial decline in world prices of milk powder and butter; this may lead to an increase in import of skimmed milk for reconstitution and production of fermented products from imported material; b) Further decline in genetic potential and production capacity due to inbreeding and uncontrolled mating within herds and nahiri (group of animals from a village or from several owners grazing communal pastures); c) Further increase in number of cows with low genetic potential in reply to increased demand for milk and the lack of cows with higher genetic potential; d) Overgrazing of existing public pastures by an increased number of cattle; e) Outbreak of diseases and their spread throughout of the country due to inadequate control of movements of animals and the lack of existence of systems for identification and registration of animals and cattle keeping holdings. 2.6 Risk Analysis The Terms of Reference highlighted a number of risk factors that may affect the project accomplishment. An evaluation of these factors has been made during the Inception Phase with the following findings: Factor Risk Economic growth Economic crisis, low or negative growth Public finance Budget limits restricting Georgian partner responsibility Quality of public Corruption administration Agricultural development Policy mistakes, for example re-collectivization Dairy Sector Growth Stagnant raw milk supply; stagnant consumer demand Stalled reform of rich countries Continued export subsidies, low international powder agricultural and trade policies, prices especially as to expert subsidies Worsening of South Ossetian Refusal of Ossetian and Georgian work together security Conflict problems III. SOLUTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS In Georgia, 80% of milk is produced in the spring and summer, although demand for dairy products is greatest in the winter. Provided farmers can manage the additional husbandry, milking cows over winter is more profitable, as the winter price is usually twice or even three times that of the summer price. The SMDSP Project has been implementing a winter milk program including three activities. These include: planting of forage crops in each village, autumn calving, and special winter feed demonstrations, including trials and cost benefit analyses in concentrate usage and for the future silage maize. The lack of forage (hay and silage) is a major factor for promoting the seasonal calving during the spring. To extend the lactation period through year-round calving, the Project is promoting protection of forage crops through forage demonstrations in each Dairy Farmer Association (DFA). The planting and harvesting of forage crops is managed by the members of the DFA, who benefit from the output of the demonstrations. There is evi

The Skills Of An Executive Assistant

The Skills Of An Executive Assistant Many years over, executive assistants roles, responsibilities and skills may have varied with changing time and the rapid upgrades of technology. According to Wise geek, defines executive assistants as professionals who functions as aides to corporate executives while the responsibilities associated with work as an assistant of this type will vary depending on the corporate culture that prevails within a given company. Executive assistants work for a company officer and possess the authority to make crucial decisions affecting such organizations, and are therefore a resource in decision making and policy setting. The executive assistant performs the usual roles of managing correspondence, preparing research, and communication while also acting as the gate keeper, understanding in varying degrees, the requirements of the executive and with an ability to decide upon the most important scheduled meetings and events. They may also represent executive at meetings. Executive assistants sho uld be able to motivate and influence people and mange projects. IAM study guide 2011 by Kathleen Stalker In some cases, the executive assistant delegates work to the administrative assistant based on competence, experience, and knowledge of the context, confidentiality, priority, urgency and availability according to www.trisatatedomestic.net. There may also be drawbacks or problems that will associate themselves with executive assistances. Examples for this assessment will be drawn from the Ministry of Finance of Trinidad and Tobago. It is an organization that prepares annual budgets and carries out the governments financial transactions. I have been employed under this Ministry for the past two years. The skills of an Executive Assistant: Executive assistants in todays world demands are huge. They must possess outstanding skills that every executive wants for the success of their business. As an executive assistant at the Ministry of Finance, the skills that I pose make me unique. These skills are: planning, directing, coordinating, organizing, budgeting, having a wide range of technical, analytical and assertiveness skills, conflict management skills, leadership skills, being an outstanding problem solver, efficient and effective decision maker, excellent communication skills, interpersonal and negotiation skills whilst at the same time knowing the culture of the organization and the business strategy. At the Ministry of Finance, I use all these skills on a day to day basis when bombarded with the challenges faced. For example, being able to analyze a given situation and make the right decision that will ensure it is contributing to the overall success of the Ministry. With this type of situation your communication skills are in use in transmitting information to stakeholders, leadership skills are pivotal so that the staff does not see fear, this way you can motivate them to move forward. Problem solving skills are imperative for situations that pose serious threat to the organization. I also possess skills such as being able to coach e.g. training, allowing for development of staff, and having a skill to discipline when necessary. One major skill that I have is the ability cope with different personalities in the work place. This was shown through the handling of three executives work amongst other employees at the same time. This in turn brought with it different styles of management that I had to adopt myself to. Another skill that stood out for me as an executive assistant is my ability to undergo continuous professional development. This in turn assists me in managing the challenges faced. As an executive assistant there are many responsibilities that are associated with its portfolio. These include: Roles and Responsibilities of Executive Assistant There are many roles and responsibilities that are associated with the executive assistant. At the Ministry of Finance, as the Executive Assistant, I must be able to assist the Chief Executive Officer efficiently and effectively. The major responsibilities that apply for most executive assistants and myself are, scheduling, which will be fully, discussed later down in diary management, travel arrangements, an integral responsibility that executive assistant must keep up to date with. At the Finance Ministry, our Chief Executive Officer always on board meetings in and around the Caribbean, therefore, his travel plans is always updated. Administration, that is, keeping an excellent track record of all documents at the ministry, liaisoning and communicating with other executives in the building. There are also the need for taking dictation and managing his day to day correspondence. I also prepare Management Information Systems- answering mails both electronically and via postal, prepare, edit and distribute itineraries, letters, memos and meeting minutes and keep track of for events and meetings making sure that things are not overlooked. (See Appendix for full job description of Executive Assistants- inclusive of roles and responsibilities) Executive Assistant in Supporting Systems and Processes A system is a group of related functions, elements and procedure which work together to ensure that tasks are accomplished and objectives met. Processes are procedures that convert resources into results which have a valuable for the organization, customer and stakeholders IAM study guide 2011 There are many skills that are engineered for me, the executive assistant in supporting systems and processes, these include; being able to adapt to changing technology example, computer literate, Information Communication Technology, excellent communication skills, being able to lead and motivate staff, handling huge amounts of files at a single time with its processes, good filing techniques, control, planning, organizing, coordinating, motivating etc. It is my duty to ensure that everything is secure because of the vast valuable information that is prevalent. At the Ministry of Finance, as an executive assistant, I still use the paper base or hard copy filing system. Filing in every organization is important and it serves as a track record for the organization. At the Finance Ministry, the filing system is functional and easy to use. The files are simple and quick to retrieve. It is done in an alphabetical order and executive assistants has a more efficient and effective use of this system. However, there is a variable drawback to this Ministry with regards to its security. Its safe but if a natural disaster to have strike, for example, a fire, then the problem may arise of loss of all hard copy information. There is also room for improvements within our system, for example the introduction of technology-computerized systems. This way paper would be saved. The executive assistants have many roles and responsibilities. When support ing a process, my job is dependent upon the structure of the organization. If the organization has a specific department for example Human Resources, then the executive assistant task would be limited. However, in an instant where the organization needs to employ Managers, Chief Executive Officers for the strategic level, then it will be assisted by the executive assistant for the executive manager. In this case I will be recruiting and advertising of the vacant post, short listing and acknowledging of the selected candidates of the date and time of their interviews and keeping of the personnel records of the staff. Executive Assistants and the Office Environment The environment is the physical layout of an office or its space, building structure and its contents within its structure. There are many skills that are needed for the executive assistant such as; should be aware of the Health and Safety Legislation, be able to budget and costing, there Human Resource and there comfort, risk assessment, reporting etc. I have a responsibility on advising my line managers on how appropriately they should develop an office environment to ensure that staff is satisfied and comfortable for work. Before any recommendations can be made, I must be able to distinguish the type of building that is present and then assess my work force. Employees want a safe and healthy work environment, so I need to take those factors into consideration when choosing an office environment. Normally, at a new age building, I would recommend with the new technology steel columns and trusses and reinforced concrete frames have liberated space which can be , if necessary be partitioned but lend themselves to open plan office layouts. However, at my office at the Ministry of Finance, our department is one of an open plan, where everyone work in one huge open space regardless of status and grouped together in logical work groups. At the Ministry of Finance, being an open plan, it brings everyone together, communication and decision making is improved. Teams absorbs knowledge across the area, music is played making work comfortable and enjoyable. It is very cost effective for the Ministry and all noisy equipment are placed at one corner of the department, example photocopiers, faxes etc. However, the disadvantages to this type of work environment is the traffic flow, people like their own space to personalize, there is the thought of no privacy and the lighting or heating they have no control over. An executive assistant needs to look at this to ensure that they create the right environment for their employees. Executive Assistant Managing Meetings and Events An executive assistant has one of their many duties, the role of organizing meetings of all kinds for their executive manager(s).A meeting is an event involving a group of people getting together to discuss and or decide, an event is a planned happening that occurs in a certain place, at a certain time and date IAM study guide 2011. The meeting will vary in size, but for its success or not, it will depend upon the efficiency and effectiveness of the executive assistant. A significant amount of skills I would need when comes to managing meetings and events are my strong planning, implementing, monitoring, evaluating with leadership skills. There are many different meetings that can occur within the organization. It is the executive assistant role to identify which one is most important with regards to the situation at hand, For example, there are board meetings, annual general meeting, inaugural meetings etc. The executive assistant at the Ministry of Finance ensures that the following qualities or attributes are present at all events or meetings. A budget Who will be attending the eventmeeting An agenda What documents will be needed The venue How many attendees What equipment will be needed This type is done internally and externally within the organization. This way the executive assistant job role has been expanded, leaving no room for errors. Executive Assistant Project Management In order for me to support my line manger in the planning and conduction of projects independently, they must first understand what a project is? It is a temporary undertaking to produce a unique product, service or result IAM study guide 201l. There are many skills that are associated with executive assistant that will be required to perform their jobs. These skills include; clear objectives, able to cope with risk, excellent planning, good training and an astonishing team, clear scope and objectives, good communication skills, and good control of time and budgeting. All projects have four stages for its lifespan which include; starting the project, organizing and preparing, carrying out the work and closing the project. Projects have four controls that I know when designing, implementing and coordinating projects. These include, time, cost, scope and equipment. The time is when the project will deliver, the scope is what the project is expected to deliver with a description, and the cost is the amount of money needed to complete the project. For example at the Ministry of Finance, I have projects such as coordinating sports days, conventions, creating accounts for the yearly fiscal budgets with teams, and doing small external projects such as fixing the pavements in front of and around the building. Its my duty to develop and allocate its time; cost and what will be delivered in its respected amounts. Few projects may have failed due to the lack of clear objectives, the lack of risk management and senior management, no team building, understated scope, unrealistic resources, no change control, poor planning, no training and most of the times because of poor communication. This is prevalent within organizations and most times with the executive assistants. The executive assistant must keep those aforementioned risks in consideration always for the prevention of project failure. Executive Assistants Managing Diaries and Events According to Sue France 2009 Executive assistants support their executive manager by not only managing and organizing their own time but that of their bosses. Maintaining diaries is very useful for an executive manager and it is essential that the executive assistant does this. Diaries can be hard copy or the normal old fashioned style or more modern day style of electronic diaries. Electronic diaries have many advantages that are associated with it that will allow executive managers and there assistants work more efficient and effective. I can access electronic diaries with Microsoft Outlook which makes the handling of multiple entries easier and shared with executive managers and other staff. Advantages associated with electronic diaries include; the accessibility from any computer or mobile device, sends reminders of meetings, be easily edited, once involved in any project can track the project status, entries can be shared, information can be integrated with other data proportion. However, at the office that I am presently employed, the Ministry of Finance, I currently use the hard copy diaries that are on their desks. It is my responsibility to ensure that my line manager attend all his meetings on time as scheduled. Throughout projects, for example, scheduling dates for manager to attend budgets planning, to ensure that the executive gets there with all the necessary paper work up to date and on the specified date and time. Executive Assistants and Communication Although there are all the aforementioned roles, responsibilities one of the major skills of an executive assistant is their ability to communicate effectively. I communicate via telephone, internet or even face to face. According to Sue France, she says that an essential criterion of executive assistant with regards to communication is their ability to network. She describes networking as about listening and strong knowledge and helping each other achieve their respective goals. Executive assistants should be able to evaluate the most appropriate communication channel or tool to ensure the effective passing on of information. At the Ministry of Finance I am able to communicate effectively and efficiently in order to get the job done. If communication is not done properly, then the work will not be up to standard for the achievement of the organizational goals. In order for this to happen, I am able to identify qualities such as, body language, how people interpret information, writing correct style of emails, use of Information Communication Technology and adapting to different cultures. Skills will also be needed from the executive assistant for the use of telephone etiquette, being able to listen, and being able to communicate throughout the organization form strategic level through to the operational level both horizontally, vertically and diagonally. Poor communication can shatter or bring down a business to a loss, for example, with the case from the IAM study guide entitled Communicating with stakeholders Bernard Mathews did not speak up to defend his turkey producing industry against the bird flu disease. Thus, resulting him and his company to lose sales by 35% and went into a loss position. Since then in 2008 the company went into a turnaround communication perspective that gives the consumer more attention. Conclusion In conclusion, Executive Assistants roles and responsibilities go a long way in nurturing the success of the business. It is not only supporting systems and processes, maintaining an appropriate office environment, organizing meeting and events, project planning or managing diaries and communication. It is all of the above and many more associated with this portfolio of the executive assistant that the selected incumbent must possess. Now that the role, responsibilities and skills of an executive assistant have been examined, it shows what attributes are required for an efficient and effective executive assistant. For the individual to be able to cope with all challenges faced within the organization he or she must adapt to change and allow room for continuous professional development. In this way the executive assistant would learn new and improve techniques to cope with situations. Bibliography IAM Level 4 Diploma in Business and Administrative Management Qualification Handbook (2011 Edition) Administration for Executive Assistants Written By- Kathleen Stalker France S (2009) The definitive Personal assistant and Secretarial Handbook Published by- Kogan Page Ltd Mullins, L.J. (2007) Management and Organizational Behaviour 8th Edition Harlow, Financial Times Prentice Hall www.wikipedia.com Internet Service Definitions and other sources of materials that were needed www.wisegeek.com Definitions and other sources of materials that were needed www.hewlett.org For the copy of the Executive Assistants Job Description and Specification

Battle of vicksburg :: essays research papers

By 1863, the Confederate hold on the Mississippi River was limited to Vicksburg and Port Hudson– both strong bastions– difficult to overcome. In a daring move, U.S. Grant, commanding the Union forces, sent his troops past Vicksburg and landed to the south of the city. Grant's troops then defeated Confederate forces in five separate engagements. After a 6 week seige, Confederate forces surrendered. To the Confederates Vicksburg was there "Gibraltar of the West", it together with Port Hudson were the only two points that the South held on the Mississippi. Grant had tried a number of round-about approaches to Vicksburg including the building of a by pass canal, as well various routes through the bayous. Finally, Grant decided on the direct approach. He sent his army south of Vicksburg on the opposite side of the river. Then he sent his gunboats and a number of transports south passed the guns of Vickburg to ferry the troops across the mile wide Mississippi. On April 16th three transports and eight gunboats traversed the guns of Vicksburg. Despite the fact that defenders of Vicksburg fired 525 rounds at them, they succeeded in making it past the guns with the lose of only one transport. A few days later additional boats followed. To confuse the confederate defenders commanded by General Pemberston, Grant sent Union cavalry men under the command of Benjamin Grierson to raid the Confederate interior. His raid was highly successful. He successfully crossed the state of Mississippi, destroying railroads and other materials, while avoiding his pursuers. The great success of the raid was however, in forcing Pemberston to detach troops to follow him. Grant also detached a division of Sherman troops to feint an attack North of the city. This causes Pemberston to send troops guarding the Southern approaches to the North. Thus when Grant crossed with all of his forces he was not opposed. Once across instead of attacking Vicksburg, Grant moved eastward towards Jackson the state capital. There, Confederate General Johnson was putting together a forces to oppose Grant. Grant's forces quickly overwhelmed the confederates in Jackson. In four additional battles Grants forces totally decimated Confederate forces. After defeating all of the field armies that he faced, Grant then attacked Vicksburg itself on May 19th.

Why We Drop Out of College :: essays research papers

As high school students, most of us were taught the dream of going to college from the importance that it has. The real life examples from our friends teach us the importance of going to college. If you drop out of college you may lose yourself, your family, and your friends. One of my friends dropped out of college because he had a bad friendship. So, they convinced him not to go to the school, but when he grew up he realized that the college was the most important thing in his life. Even though we know that â€Å"college is the best thing†, why we drop out of college? That fact is that we drop out from the college for many reasons. We sometimes drop out of the college because of bad friendship. For example, my brother’s friend was just 19 years old and he dropped out of college only because he wanted to fit into a group that was bigger than him. As a result of this, he wanted to be seen as â€Å"cool,† but that wasn’t all. Due to this, he used drugs that dropped him out of the college totally. These students don’t want to seem irresponsible, so they make up an excuse, such as the bad friendship. Another reason we drop out of college is that we want to be independent. A lot of news has been saying that students are sensitive during the adolescence. Because of adolescence, they may think that school is â€Å"nothing†, it is just a waste of time. Also, facts have been saying that more and more students are being independent related to the school. A good reason that they are independent is that they want to have their own money. However, when we don’t know how to say no and face whatever problems may cause, we often use to drop out of college to avoid difficulties. However, dropping out of college is not always negative, in fact, familiar problems can yield positive results. In terms of financial support we know that college costs money, so a lot of students cannot afford it. For example, there are families were the parents are divorced, and one parent has to burden all the family expenses. Often, it happens that one of the parents die, and the children have to grow up with many difficulties.

Rose For Emily :: essays research papers

A Rose for Emily By: none (William Faulkner) In times of distress, trauma and uncertainly, many people find a comfort in familiar surroundings, where they can close out the world and relax. This was certainly Emily’s way of handling her trauma. All her life Emily tried to escape from change. Even the posting of the new mailbox was unacceptable for her. She acted as though nothing around her had changed her entire life. Even though death and loss affected her, she seemed to try to avoid thinking about it. Emily is unable to balance her traditions in modern times. But, the roots of her tragedy lay in the fact, that neither can the people who surround her in the town. In the story, Faulkner presents us with a sad tale of a lonely woman, who is only met with disappointment and grief in her search for love. Emily was a lonely woman. Miss Emily came from a powerful family. She had experienced a controlling love from her father. That love only demanded that she abide by his rules an d his expectation of her in his lifetime. Her suitors were all sent away by her father. After failing to marry, she lost the only person who was her family, her father. After her father died, she met Homer Barron, a Yankee, who was in the construction business in the town. Finally she had someone to love. They dated and possibly were happy with each other, but the traditions, customs and prejudices of the South doomed this affair to end. She could not allow this. Emily could not have lived with Homer, but she could not loose him, her only love. So she poisoned him with arsenic. She needed someone to love her eternally, and someone to love. She did not have any family members to love and nurture, to turn to for love or support. The few family members she had thought she was crazy, but actually they were even more proud of their position in the society. They prohibited her relationship with Homer. They pushed her to do what she did. The town, the family, all the people were against he r love. She could not have Homer alive. This is why she killed him. This way he was hers, only hers, forever: â€Å"Then we noticed that in the second pillow was an indentation of a head.

Dissolved Oxygen Lab #1 Assignment Essay

Determine which of the following observations are testable. For those that are testable: †¢ Write a hypothesis and null hypothesis †¢ What would be your experimental approach? †¢ What are the dependant and independent variables? †¢ What is your control? †¢ How will you collect data? †¢ How will you present your data (charts, graphs, types)? †¢ How will you analyze your data? 1. When a plant is placed on a window sill, it grows faster than when it is placed on a coffee table in the middle of the living room. . The teller at the bank with brown hair and brown eyes is taller than the other tellers. 3. I caught four fish at seven o’ clock in the morning but didn’t catch any at noon. 4. The salaries at Smith and Company are based on the number of sales and Billy makes 3,000 dollars more than Joe. 5. When Sally eats healthy foods and exercises regularly, her blood pressure is lower than when she does not exercise and eats fatty foods. 6. The Italian restaurant across the street closes at 9 pm but the one two blocks away closes at 10 pm. 7. Bob bought a new blue shirt with a golf club on the back for twenty dollars. 8. For the past two days the clouds have come out at 3 pm and it has started raining at 3:15 pm. 9. George did not sleep at all last night because he was up finishing his paper. 10. Ice cream melts faster on a warm summer day than on a cold winter day. 11. How can you apply scientific method to an everyday problem? Give one example.

Cloud Computing: Two Articles

Cloud Computing Articles One of the recent trends in the fast paced field of Information Technology is the development of cloud computing. Simply put, cloud computing is the outsourcing of business processing and storage to â€Å"virtual† servers over a network, most commonly the internet. The advance of network technology has allowed companies to transfer large amounts of their business intelligence systems to outside servers, without compromising data-transfer speed. Two recent articles from different publications covered the subject of cloud computing. The first, found online from InfoWorld. om, describes the different levels of cloud computing and what each entails. The second article, found in a monthly publication of Computer World, details the pros and cons of clouds in IT. According to the InfoWorld. com article, cloud computing is â€Å"a way to increase capacity or add capabilities on the fly without investing in new infrastructure, training new personnel, or licens ing new software. Cloud computing encompasses any subscription-based or pay-per-use service that, in real time over the Internet, extends IT's existing capabilities. † (InfoWorld. om) Clouds are a modern answer to IT’s ever increasing needs for storage space and computing power. There are several types of services that these virtual servers offer, ranging from utility applications to email spam filtering. Currently, most of the servers must be accessed individually, but they are becoming more integrated as the field progresses. One type of cloud computing, software as a service (SaaS), is the hosting of one software application through the internet. An example this type of application is Salesforce. com, a sales representative management system. By providing the software online, Salesforce. com provides an easy way for managers to monitor and diagnose sales data, without the need for their own costly IT system in-house. SaaS also gives an advantage to the host company, because updates and bug fixes are limited to one program which they control. There are several variations to the Saas system that are offered in cloud computing. Utility computing involves a company’s memory, input / output Storage, and computational capacity being accessed through the network to a â€Å"virtual† server. Currently, most cloud utility computing is for non critical intelligence, due to newness of the system. According to the article, these online servers could one day replace most of the current physical datacenter. Another variation to Saas within cloud computing is web based application programming interfaces. APIs are â€Å"interfaces implemented by an online source that enable interaction with other software† (Wikepedia. org). There is a wide range of APIs used with business intelligence. Some examples would be Google Maps used by delivery services, shipping tracking for UPS, or online tax processing programs such as TurboTax. One of the original forms of cloud computing are managed service providers (MSPs), which are applications that are exposed to the host company, rather than the end user. Examples of MSPs are e-mail virus scanning and anti-spam services, or desktop management offered by companies such as CenterBeam. Managed security services, such as firewalls, are also found within cloud computing. The Computer World article goes further to describe an aspect of cloud computing called infrastructure as a service (Iaas). â€Å"With public cloud IaaS, organizations pay per use or per cluster of resources for an external cloud service provider to host their virtual servers†¦ IT maintains control over the applications without worrying about configuring, upgrading or patching servers and other infrastructure. If a new application is needed, IT simply loads that application onto the service provider’s virtual server and the software is available to users† (Computer World). By migrating the physical datacenters to virtual servers, companies are saving maintenance, power and labor costs from the upkeep of those resources. Most established companies are making the transition to clouds slowly, a couple of datacenters at a time, as they become outdated. Startup businesses, however, can use virtual servers as a great advantage to avoid costly equipment purchases. â€Å"Bernard Golden, CEO of consultancy HyperStatus, agrees that Iaas offers a lifeline when it comes to rising data center costs and real estate constraints. It offers IT the opportunity to reduce the data center management burden, yet improve customer service† (Computer World). For a company who is contemplating the switch to virtual servers, there is also security and legality issues to consider. Migrating large amounts of data, without disrupting critical files, can be risky. One company, Amylin Pharmaceuticals, â€Å"started slowly with self contained, non mission critical applications such as testing and development so they could learn the ins and outs of moving into the cloud† (Computer World). The company should inquire as to the host server’s security and firewall systems, and should always keep hard copies of important data and applications. Business documents that are highly valuable to a company, such as patent documents, customer databases, and technical drawings are not usually stored in the cloud network. The international field of computer hacking is expanding, especially in developing countries, making industrial espionage a serious subject for businesses to consider. A company migrating to cloud computing must also consider the legal aspects of moving their IT systems. Software licenses may not apply to a public network, where the applications can be shared by several end user computers. The company should also know the terms of contracting with the cloud servers, should they decide to break or end the agreement. All data that could be detrimental to the firm should be destroyed by the host server once the contract is void. Some businesses are closely regulated by government agencies such as the FDA or ANSA, and should keep relative files readily accessible. There are also government regulations to consider concerning customer information. The article describes how IT manager Charles Swartz, of Preferred Hotel Group, adheres to regulations. â€Å"Because the company deals with credit card transactions, it must follow the Payment Card Data Security Standard, which requires physical control over servers handling that data. To avoid any complications, Swartz makes sure all credit card transactions go directly to a third party and he avoids keeping any of that data on his outsourced infrastructure† (Computer World). Another issue to consider when switching to a cloud network is computing speed. Where IT systems may have been fast to load or run on a local area network, a wide area network could transfer at a higher or lower speed. With modern business transactions becoming faster than ever, customers expect quick response. â€Å"Delays of just a few milliseconds can cause them [end users] to be frustrated† (Computer World). Switching to cloud networks can be an advantage to speed, if the cloud provides a larger bandwidth than the in-house servers. A higher bandwidth also allows more end users to access the system at once without slowing download speeds significantly. Jason Harper, vice president of technology at Morgans Hotel Group in New York, say customer satisfaction has increased at his shop because end users are accessing their files faster via the cloud† (Computer World). One recommended use of the cloud system is test run or seasonal IT systems. Rather than expanding physical datacenter space for temporary projects, the public servers can be easily setup to run and store data. â€Å"The public cloud is great for short term usage, since very few enterprises have spare servers lying around anymore. Instead, it enables IT to have quick response to new projects without having to preplan† (Computer World). The article does warn, however, that low barrier to entry can be over-sourced. Often-times end users might jump into applications on cloud networks without consulting their IT professionals. This could lead to costly changes down the line, which could have been easily fixed at the setup of the systems. Despite being in an early stage of development, cloud computing already has a definite niche in the business and IT world. One of the main drawbacks at this point is the lack of integration between systems. Previous attempts to create cloud integration technology, such as CapeClear’s enterprise service bus, and a universal bus system by Grand Central, have failed to stay in business. The overall trend of using virtual servers, however, does seem appear to be here to stay. Sources: â€Å"What Cloud Computing Really Means† Infoworld. com Knorr, 4-27-2008 http://www. infoworld. com/d/cloud-computing/what-cloud-computing-really-means-031 â€Å"Moving to the cloud: Big savings, but plan ahead† Computer World Gittlen, March 2010