Pharmaceutical innovation Can we live forever A commentary on Schnittker and Karandins

Pre-Reading Paragraph With Medicare introduced in the US in the early 1960’s, the insurance industry recorded its ever-largest change in the entire history. This was because of the advent by economists that the introduction of Medicare would result into inventions within the pharmaceutical industry. This would as a result add onto the mortality rates reduction of the citizens.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Pharmaceutical innovation: Can we live forever? A commentary on Schnittker and Karandins specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The new inventions are regarded as saviors in terms of reduction in the cost of medication; prolonged life hence a longer life expectancy accompanied with lowered mortality rates. It is therefore prudent to do an investigation on whether Medicare introduction made way for the inventions in the pharmaceutical industries. Furthermore, a thorough assessment and judgment is conducted t o establish a proof of the well-intended intentions of the pharmaceutical innovation products concerning extending lifespan. Invention of new technology through all the fields had proved to prolong life since it presents a new outlook to peoples’ view towards life hence a bust in the living standards. This is explained in the article alongside the value and impact it has on the socio-economic sphere. As a result, â€Å"Can we live forever?† is a question that is tackled all around in details and with all the relevant proofs and disapprovals presented. Author and the article The author of the article is a professor at York University in Toronto. The article is the latest dated 2010 and originally sourced from the Social Science Medicine 2010. (70). The author has received several awards ranging from; Dean’s award for established researchers in 2008 from York University, Research excellence award from the University of Toronto in 2004 to SWAB award in 2004 again. The article is a highly informative one; it is about the most modern inventions in the therapeutic field and their relevance to the new molecular entities and GDP combined. This is in conjunction to their impacts on life expectancy and mortality rates. The content is derived from the rich experience that the author has gained from consultancy about pharmaceutical issues for several governments and institutions such as the world health organization (WHO). The author also has vast research interests on approval systems and the population apart from his field of the pharmaceuticals. Striking or memorable factual evidence The first factual evidence is about all the new molecular enterprises (NME’s), the main issues behind them is their prospects advancing as time and new inventions occur.Advertising Looking for report on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The striking and astonishing bit is that they become even more weaker as new inventions are realized e.g. the recently invented angiotensin converting enzyme(ACE) inhibitor has shown more efficiency as compared to the latest series of the same enzyme. This conclusion is made after finding out about the benefits presented by the former in the last 40 years. Secondly, the most recent inventions do not add onto the life expectancy; they are mere inventions in sectors that are not relevant to either mortality rates or life expectancy. This is from the previously mentioned irrelevant inventions such as those directed towards treatments of toenails and those to minimize baldness, which do not at any cost relate to facilitating favorable mortality rates and life expectancy. An example of an older invention that still facilitates mortality is the aspirin; it decreases mortality from cardio and cerebrovascular disease. Challenge from the article As shown in the data by Schnittker and Karandinos indicating mortality to be greater in the age bra cket 15-19 years. The major challenge comes in explaining the causes of mortality in this age bracket, a further challenge comes in explaining the causes identified. From this article; either causes are identified and categorized as identifiable causes or unidentifiable, some of these causes can be avoided while a majority cannot be prevented hence very costly. Prevention and control of these diseases to facilitate mortality and life expectancy is another challenge that remains a mystery. This is due to the fact of the difficulties posed in terms of resource constraints. Therefore, this has rendered research in the field useless since it provides less to death minimization. Contribution of the article to the field of knowledge The article was meant to answer the hypothesis of whether life can be prolonged as a result of inventions. The article has therefore added into the field of knowledge by trying to explain the relationship that exists between the inventions in the field of medi cine and life expectancy. It has also inputted positively by giving an explanation on how the GDP is related to mortality rates. The article explains that the more inventions we have on drugs, the more life we are likely to have. Drugs are as a result vital and the world population therefore needs advance in the field of medicine more. The article stresses the need of encouraging more inventions and innovations. This is despite the fact that life can never be there forever. The article has also presented the view by economists supporting the introduction of Medicare, its facilitation for pharmaceutical inventions hence an impetus for the development of the current drugs which further extend into life expectancy. This report on Pharmaceutical innovation: Can we live forever? A commentary on Schnittker and Karandins was written and submitted by user Aaden Z. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Standardization Chemistry Lab Report Essays

Standardization Chemistry Lab Report Essays Standardization Chemistry Lab Report Paper Standardization Chemistry Lab Report Paper To be able to prepare standard solutions. To determine the strength of a given solution of Hydrochloric acid (HCI) To analyze errors that occur during standardization experiments. Introduction: A standard solution can be defined as a solution that contains a precisely known concentration of a substance. Concentration refers to the abundance of a substance in its mixture or solution. Standard solutions are used to determine the concentration of other substances with which they react in known ratios/ proportions. Standardization, therefore, refers the process in which the value of a potential standard is fixed by a measurement made with respect to a standard whose value is known; or simply the act of accurately determining he concentration of a substance by titrating it with a solution of accurately known concentration (standard solution). Standardization, therefore, basically involves titration, especially acid-base titration. Common reagents used for standardization of acids include: Pure sodium carbonate Pure borax (sodium metabolite) Pure calcium carbonate (Iceland spar) Common reagents used for standardization of alkalis comprise of solid crystalline acids like: Succinct acid Oxalic acid Good standardizing reagents should have the following characteristics: They should have a high degree of purity They should be stable and unaffected by the atmosphere, i. E they should not be efflorescent or deliquescent, for easy weighing. They should have a relative molecular mass such that a solution of about 0. 01 M to 0. MM can be prepared easily. A standard solution of Noah cannot be made by direct weighing. This is because Noah is hygroscopic and will therefore absorb moisture from the air. Therefore, a standard solution of some stable acid (e. G Oxalic acid) has to be prepared to standardize the given Sodium Hydroxide solution. This can then be used to determine the unknown concentration of the Hydrochloric acid solution. In the experiment, two titration were therefore performed: Titration A: Standardization of Sodium Hydroxide solution using standard solution of Oxalic acid. Titration B: Determination of the concentration of Hydrochloric acid solution using the standardized Sodium Hydroxide solution. The terms used in titration are therefore used here too. Therefore, in titration A, the analyze was the Sodium Hydroxide solution; and the iterant was the Oxalic acid. In titration B, the analyze was the Hydrochloric acid solution; while the iterant was the Sodium hydroxide solution. Precaution: Oxalic acid is very poisonous. Apparatus: Electronic balance Volumetric flask Pipette Burette Conical flask Funnel Reagents: Oxalic acid (Ethnocentric acid) Sodium hydroxide solution Hydrochloric acid solution (of unknown strength) Phenolphthalein indicator Water Procedure: Titration A: Standardization of Noah Solution A standard solution of Oxalic was made by measuring 0. Egg of Oxalic acid and adding it to distilled water in a volumetric flask. The mixture is shaken till the crystals dissolve and the solution is made up to mall. Ml of this standard solution is pipettes into a conical flask and two to three drops of the indicator are deed to it. The contents of the flask are then titrated against the Noah solution from the burette till a permanent light pink color is obtained. The titration were repeated till concordant results were obtained and then recorded. Titration B: Determination of the Concentration of the given HCI solution ml of the given Hydrochloric acid was pipettes into a conical flask. Two to three drops of the indicator were then added. These errors include: Personal errors One example of this is whereby the solution taking part in the reaction, say the Oxalic acid, is not homogeneous. This happens when the student does not shake the crystals well after adding water when preparing the solution. This error is minimized by thorough shaking of the crystals with water when preparing the elution so as to ensure that it is homogeneous. Another personal error is Parallax error. This error occurs when the line of sight of the analyst/student when taking readings is not at right angles to the scale. It may have occurred in three instances in the experiment: 1. When filling the Oxalic acid in the volumetric flask to the mall mark. 2. When petting the Oxalic acid during titration A and the Hydrochloric acid during titration B. 3. When making the readings of the Sodium hydroxide solution from the burette before or after each titration. Parallax error is indeterminate/uncertain It is minimized by proper positioning of the eyes by the student when making the readings or measurements. Instrumental error This error is also indeterminate. It is caused by imperfect calibration of the measurement instruments, e. The burette, pipette and volumetric flask. This is because these instruments are manufactured by mass production methods, which pose high chance for certain inaccuracies. This error is minimized by use of instruments of higher precision. Averaging of the titers obtained also minimizes the error. Contamination/limpidity of reagents This error may have risen due to the use of unclea n apparatus, like the limerick flask, pipette, conical flasks and the burette. It arose in the experiment especially due to improper cleaning of the conical flask after a titration and before the next. It is minimized by thorough cleaning of the experimental apparatus before use. Contamination also arises from presence of impurities in the various reagents provided. Oxalic acid usually contains impurities of calcium and potassium oxalates which may have interfered with its reaction with sodium hydroxide. The oxalic acid also may have contained some amount of moisture before weighing leading to an error in mass. Such errors are minimized by storing the substance in a desiccators for a few hours before use so as to remove the moisture. Contamination errors may also have arisen from action of atmospheric carbon (IV) oxide, oxygen and dust particles on the standard solutions. This is minimized by use of colored glass bottles, tightly fitting stoppers and soda lime tubes to absorb carbon (V) oxide. Indicator error The pink color of the indicator used (phenolphthalein) which was obtained after each titration faded away when the solution was vigorously shaken till it became colorless. This gave the impression that the color change witnessed was not permanent, hence prompting us to continue with the titration. This led to obtaining of a larger volume than necessary. The fading away is due to the reaction of the phenolphthalein with atmospheric carbon dioxide. The indicator, being a weak acid, may have taken part in the reaction, hence affecting the readings. There also may be an inaccuracy in the end-point recorded. This is caused by adding of too much indicator to the solution being titrated. This is minimized by adding very little but sufficient indicator, and also having flask intonating water for comparison so that any alteration in color can be easily observed.

Illegal Immigrants Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Illegal Immigrants - Essay Example For over 175 years when immigration to the United States exponentially rose, the issue and controversy of multinational entry has never ceased popularity. Voluntary arrivals of different nationalities sparked generous concerns of political sovereignty over a nation mightier than the oldest empire on earth. When Theodore Roosevelt and Israel Zangwill jointly adhered to the "Melting Pot" drama back in the 1900's calling for the assimilation and abandoning of ethnic identities among new settlers, support for the influx of immigrants created allegiance to the United States. Mary Antin, a Jewish immigrant from Poland wrote "The Promise Land" as an illustration of her adoption of America as her home and America's adoption of her as an American. A few years later when the economic depression plagued the country a renewed sense of foreboding considered the new settlers as threats to jobs and other minorities who lived in the slums and failed to adapt the language and culture. While the European immigrants faced discrimination, they were able to come to the United States in huge numbers until the 1920's. The Asian immigrants who were excluded much earlier took the quotas of less desirable immigrants. Ethnic pluralism suggested a common denominator just before the incidence of both world wars and climbed higher after the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor in Hawaii. The settlement of racial disputes and embracing the principles set forth in the Constitution of the United States later idealized kinship by blood or culture in a foreign land as part of the new and distinct civilization of the United States. The terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001 raised alarm bells among the American populace with profound question of susceptibility to such attacks that claimed the lives of thousands. Threats to national security and the lax border regulations renewed the question of what to do with the numerous legal immigrants and how to drive away the illegal immigrants back to where they came from. To date, the 20th century catered to the highest influx of immigrants which accounted for the massive population expansion. Census studies recorded the 1999 population to over 270 million, making it the world's third largest country in terms of population. Every year, the population grows to half a million with higher life expectancies and low infant mortality rates. In terms of population distribution in cities, New York became the record breaker followed by Los Angeles and Chicago. Population growth in Las Vegas topped among states spurred by unprecedented hotel-casino construction. The rising numbers showed lately reflected a still growing population which is 1/4th of what it used to be over a century ago with immigration at one-third playing the lead role. Latest records showed 28,234,231 illegal aliens in the US with Los Angeles as the main hub. Today, there are two powerful forces at work in the country acting on the issue of immigration. Separatists' movement advocating breaking loose cultural groups and driving them away at any cost and Reformists adhering to peaceful legislature of laws for national reform consists of these powers. Both movements set against the backdrop of democratic politics hold justifiable reasons with a common goal of easing the country from the confines of a booming population

Achievement of Maximum Profit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Achievement of Maximum Profit - Essay Example When companies utilize their equipment more extensively maintenance and repairs cost increase. Companies that increase their labor shifts incur in higher labor costs. Average total costs equal total costs divided by quantity. The average total cost curve is U-shaped. Subtracting average fixed costs is the formula for the average variable cost. The AVC curve lies vertically below the ATC curve by the amount of the AFC. The ATC and the AVC curve never touch because the AFC never falls to zero. The total variable cost is measured by the vertical distance between the horizontal TFC lines. The AVC curve bottoms out at a lower level for Q than does the ATC curve. The marginal costs measure the increase in total cost as output Q increases by one unit. Marginal cost is less than both average total cost and average variable cost. Due to the fact that marginal costs are less than both average total cost and average variable cost the ATC and AVC falls. The ATC and AVC falls because of the MC. The marginal cost curve cuts through the AVC curve at the bottom of the AVC curve. The MC curve cuts through the ATC curve at the bottom of the ATC curve. The ATC, AVC, and MC curves are all U-shaped. The vertical gap between AVC and ATC curves steadily diminishes as Q increases. These curves never touch. Businesses have options available with respect to how much output they want to be able to produce. Economies of scale help organizations reduce their costs. Larger scale operations have higher administrative expenses. Economies of scale help reduce administrative costs. When companies incur in diseconomies of scale their operating costs rise. The LRATC curve shows the lowest average total cost at which any given level of output can be produced. The LRATC curve is made up entirely of points on the firm’s alternative ATC curves.

Art extra credit Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Art extra credit - Research Paper Example The major interest in the design results from the presentation of the real story in art. The actual story tells of the last supper comprising of a huge feast. The twelve disciples and Jesus had a great time and at the same time, Jesus informed the disciples of the traitor and they reacted harshly about the issue. The disciples spoke and showed their anger. The art reflects all the actions that took place in the last supper. However, the art shows how at that time people were united, loving, caring and honest. At the same time, a major lesson is derived from the art. Enemies are within the list of your friends as Judas was among the twelve disciples, but he betrayed Jesus. This lesson applies in real life, and one is greatly advised to take caution of his or her friends. The art designer Leonardo da Vinci did a great work. The actual date of the art is not well known, but the creation of the art was between 1494 and 1498. The dimensions of the art measure 460cm by 880cm. The art located at Santa Maria Delle Grazie in Milan. The designer regards the art as a huge lesson that every individual should take into consideration. Everyone should study the art as well as the actual baseline of the art for life

In Depth Financial Analysis Of Morrisons And Asda Finance Essay

In Depth Financial Analysis Of Morrisons And Asda Finance Essay Financial analysis using ratios between key values help investors cope with the massive amount of numbers in company financial statements. For example, they can compute the percentage of net profit a company is generating on the funds it has deployed. All other things remaining the same, a company that earns a higher percentage of profit compared to other companies is a better investment option. It shows the relationship between profit investment e.g. return on investment, return on equity capital. Financial Ratios Can Measure Different Things. The Net Profit to Capital Employed ratio mentioned above measures the success of a company in using funds available to it. There are ratios to measure the companys: Financial health Operating performance Cash flows and liquidity Under each category, there are multiple ratios that measure different aspects, or fine tune the measurements. For example, different profitability ratios measure profit margins at different stages return on owners funds and effective tax burden. Ratio analysis Ratios express a mathematical relationship between two quantities taken from financial statements. The  study  and interpretation of the  relationships between various  financial  variables, by  investors  or lenders. A  tool to conduct a quantitative analysis of information  in a companys financial  statements. Ratios are  calculated from current year numbers and are then compared to previous years, other companies, the industry, or even the economy to judge the performance of the company.   Ratio analysis is predominately used by proponents of fundamental analysis. Methods of Ratio Analysis : There are two methods of Ratio Analysis : 1. Time Series analysis 2. Cross-sectional analysis Time- Series Ratio Analysis : Time-Series Ratio Anlysis evaluates performance over time. It allows to analyse trends over a number of years and to examine the way in which performance may have changed over time. For instance time series analysis can make by comparing any companys performance of for two or more years i.e. 2007 and 2008. Cross-sectional Ratio Analysis : Cross sectional Ratio Analysis allows for comparison with the industry average or with competitors at a single point in time. This comparison allows a judgement to be made about the firms position within the industry. For instance to make a comparison of any company performance against its rival (competitor) for the same year. e.g. Shall Companys ratios are compared with British Petroleum company.(both are in same industry and same business). Advantages of Ratios : The advantages of Ratios are as follow : Simplifies Financial Statements. Facilitates Inter-Firm Comparison. Helps in Planning. Helps in Investment Decisions. Limitations of Ratios : Ratios have some limitations as well which are mentioned below ! Limitations of Financial Statements Comparative Study Requires Ratio alone are not adequate Lack of adequate standards Limited uses of single ratios Personal Bias Types of Financial Ratios : There are different types of financial ratios used in carrying out financial analysis. These financial ratios are mentioned below :  · Liquidity Ratios  · Activity Ratios  · Solvency Ratios  · Profitability Ratios  · Market Ratios  · Cash Flow Ratios Defining Types of Financial Ratios : Liquidity Ratios : Liquidity ratios assess companys ability to pay off its  short-terms debts obligations.   Generally, the higher the value of the ratio, the  larger the margin of safety  that  the company possesses to cover short-term debts. A  companys  ability to turn short-term assets into cash to cover debts is of the utmost importance when creditors are seeking payment. Bankruptcy analysts and mortgage originators frequently use the  liquidity ratios to determine  whether a company will be able to continue as a going concern. Activity Ratios : Activity ratios are used to assess the effectiveness of management towards utilization for generation of sales/revenue. Let us know how current and fixed assets are efficiently used by company to generate sales. Also analyze the account receivable, payables and inventory roles towards of sales, purchase and cost of goods sold. Determine how quickly account receivables are recovered. Enable us to know duration in which company pays its payables. Inventory conversion period is also calculated under the head of activity ratio. Solvency Ratios :  · Solvency ratios are used to  measure a  companys  ability to meet long-term obligations. It provides a measurement of how likely a company will be to continue meeting its debt obligations. Acceptable solvency ratios will vary from  industry  to industry, but as a general rule of thumb, a solvency ratio of greater than 20% is considered financially healthy. Measures the percentage of total assets provided by creditors or how much debt is supported by assets. Shows ability of the company to cover its interest expenses Solvency ratios tell about the ratio between equity and total assets. Companys total assets are enough to meet its debt obligations These ratios also tell about ratio between debt and total assets. Also tell equity ratio in company And determine debt ratio in company. Profitability Ratios : Measure the ability of profit generations in company. Profitability Ratios are used to assess a businesss ability to generate  earnings as compared to  its expenses and other relevant costs incurred during a specific period of time. They are used to measure the overall effectiveness of management to produce the profitability of the company. For most of these ratios, having a higher value relative to a competitors ratio or the  same ratio from a previous period is indicative that the company is doing well. It is important to note that  a little bit of background knowledge is necessary in order to make  relevant comparisons when analyzing these ratios. For instances, some  industries experience seasonality in their operations. The retail industry, for example,  typically experiences higher  revenues and  earnings  for the Christmas season. Market Ratios :  · They are used to measure a companys standing and position in the market.  · These are considered to be the most important ratios for shareholders.  · They are important for potential investors. Cash Flow Ratios :  · Cash flow ratios are derived from cast flow statement.  · These are used to measure the three activities found in cash flow statement. ASDA ASDA launched an online retailer in 1998, but from the start had over estimated demand. It started off from a dedicated depot facility based in Croydon but was closed with a number of redundancies shortly after as sales were not as expected. It continued the online retailer service but copied the Tesco store based model instead. Wal-Marts corporate stance is anti union, which is refelcted in the stance of Asda. In 2006 A planned five-day strike by Asda warehouse staff was been called off, unions have confirmed. The action had been due to begin on June 30 after thousands of workers voted for industrial action in a dispute over pay and bargaining rights. The decision followed prolonged negotiations between unions and the supermarket chain at the TUC. Asda was about to seek an injunction to block the action, claiming irregularities in the strike ballot. In 2006 Supermarket giant Asda said they were to offer staff up to two weeks unpaid leave to go on a German jolly during the 2006 World Cup tournament. Its 150,000 workers were to be able to take one or two weeks off in the month starting on 9 June. Requests dealt with on a first come, first served basis depending on staffing needs at individual outlets. The first Act of The ASDA Story was set in the old Queens Theatre, Castleford, West Yorkshire in the early 60s. Its roots can be traced to two branches in twenties. The Asquith family had a family business, a butchers shop in Knottingley, W. Yorkshire. The business was eventually expanded to seven butcher shops. The two sons of W.R. Asquith, Peter and Fred were actively involved in the family business and were later to become co founders of ASDA. At the same period, in the 20s, a group of West Riding dairy farmers joined forces, as Hindells Dairy Farmers Ltd. These included the Stockdale family (A. Stockdale), and a subsidiary company, Craven Dairies Ltd, was formed. Through a process of acquisition and diversification, a new public company was formed in 1949 Associated Dairies Farm Stores Ltd. with Arthur Stockdale as Managing Director. During the 50s and early 60s Associated Dairies expanded the number of pork butchery shops and also created the fascia Craven Dairies for its cake shops and cafà ©s. The son of Arthur Stockdale, Noel, met and struck up an immediate rapport with the Asquith brothers and so became the other co-founder of the future ASDA. ASDA was founded in 1965 by farmers from Yorkshire. The name is a contraction of Associated Dairies. For a short time in the 80s Asda Stores Ltd was a subsidiary of ASDA-MFI plc follwing a merger between the companies. Other companies in the group were Associated Dairies Ltd, the furnture retailer MFI and Allied Carpets. After the sale of MFI and Allied the company name changed to ASDA Group plc. The dairy division was sold to Northern Foods plc. The company went through a troubled period in the early 90s, but was revived under the leadership of Archie Norman, who became a shadow cabinet Conservative MP. He was chairman of the company in 96-99. ASDA, which then owned 229 stores, was purchased by Wal-Mart of the USA, on July 26, 1999. Following the takeover by Wal-Mart, several Asda-Wal Mart Supercentres have opened, creating some of the largest hypermarkets in the UK. The first of these stores opened at Patchway, near Bristol, in August 2000. At first, it was criticised for its scale and condemned as an eye sore, but the format has now become extremely popular. In November 2004 a refurbishment of the hypermarket was completed, addressing some of the complaints. In March 2006, ASDA launched a format called ASDA Essentials in a former Co-op store in Northampton. With a focus on own brand products on a much smaller floorplate than ASDAs mainstream stores, the Essentials will only stock branded products are perceived to be at the core of a familys weekly shop. This is seen as ASDAs response to the increasing strength of Tesco and Sainsbury in the convenience store sector. If the trial is a success, it will be rolled out nationally. ASDA is expanding its range of services to include Financial Services sold in store and online. Products currently sold are Child Trust Funds and Credit Cards, Car Insurance Home Insurance, Travel Insurance, Life Insurance, Mortgage Life Insurance, Over 50s Life Cover, Pet Insurance. http://www.asdafinance.com In 2006 Supermarket chain Asda took Brazilian beef off its shelves after claims it could have come from areas where foot-and-mouth disease is rife. In 2006 Supermarket group Asda started selling property through stores. Shoppers were to be able to browse properties for sale via an in store computer terminal. People choosing to sell their homes through Asda will pay lower than average estate agency fees and receive a free Home Information Pack (HIP). The system will be trialled in 10 Asda stores in the Sunderland area during the summer but is planned to be rolled out across the UK by the end of the year. Asda has sponsor techniques the name has been put on the WRU Asda Leagues: the lower leagues of the rugby system. Morrison Morrison is a mainly food and grocery the weekly shop. Uniquely source and process most of the fresh food that we sell though own manufacturing facilities, giving us close control over provenance and quality; and have more people preparing more food in store than any other retailer. Every week nine million customers pass through our doors and 124,000 colleagues across the business work hard each day to deliver great service to them. With competitive prices and hundreds of special offers, we are proud to save our customers money every day. As the Food Specialist for Everyone, they are different from their competitors. Their expertise helps them deliver fresher food, which is also great value. Being closer to source, they understand where food comes from; and they can talk with authority to their customers about the provenance and freshness of their food offer. It is one of the countrys largest supermarket chains, offering a range of goods including both branded and own label products aim is to provide all our customers with the very best value for money wherever they live and uniquely, we have always charged the same prices in every one of our large stores. They view resource efficiency as integral to sustainability and delivering better value to our customers. They approach to CSR recognises both responsibility and opportunity, enabling us to make a difference in ways that are good for the environment and good for business. They have made considerable progress in meeting our challenging targets. Carbon emissions have been reduced by 56% better than they planned; theres much less waste going to landfill and they have cut packaging. They are also running their own farm, which is being used as a base for research projects looking at the sustainability of food supplies and the efficiency of agriculture. They research will provide benefits to their business  and will also strengthen our relationships with the farming community. Morrisons Fresh Food Academy offers training and progression for all their staff, providing them with the opportunity to grow from shop floor to top floor and means they can deliver more knowledgeable service to their customers. CSR is embedded into their operations and plans. They do not claim to have all the answers but aim to do all they can to make a real difference by being both practical and persistent.   Many of the issues they address are wide ranging, complex and sometimes very challenging. Solutions may develop over the long term and they can sometimes prove elusive for a variety of reasons, including cost effectiveness, practical application, or they lack direct benefits. However, many projects and initiatives have come to fruition successfully to deliver tangible results that are  making a real difference. They offer a number of useful services for your convenience, so you can save time and money while visiting them.  To find out when your local store is open, visit our store finder, type in your postcode and youll find all the information you need. Fill up at your convenience Stop by their petrol station to fill up and enjoy many other services like gas, a car wash and snacks for the road. Facilities for shoppers with disabilities They offer lots of services to our shoppers with additional needs, including dedicated parking, wheelchairs, staff assistance, seating and induction loops.   Take a break at our cafà © If you fancy a relaxing bite to eat, their cafà © serves freshly prepared meals to your table, from all-day breakfasts to hot puddings with custard as well as freshly ground coffee. Your one-stop medicine counter Get free advice on medicines and healthcare from their pharmacists no appointment necessary and why not have your prescriptions dispensed while you shop. Print your memories in store They offer quality photo processing in store, including digital and 1-hour photo printing services. Latest price Change Currency LSE code 277.50 -4.20 GBX MRW Last closing price 277.50  (23  Jul  2010 4:30pm ) Current share price information Bid 277.50 Ask 277.80 Day high 286.00 Day low 277.00 Year high 305.00 Year low 257.60 Day open 280.20 Day volume 10,130,828 On 11th March 2010 the Board comprised a Chairman, four Executive Directors and  six Non-Executive Directors. With the retirement of the Chairman and the planned recruitment of an additional Non-Executive Director, at least half of the Board will ultimately comprise of independent Non-Executive Directors. The Board is responsible for setting and approving the strategy and key policies of the Group, and for monitoring the progress towards achieving these objectives. It monitors financial performance, critical operational issues and risks. The Board also approves all circulars, listing particulars, resolutions and correspondence to the shareholders including the Annual Report, Half yearly financial report and Interim management statements. The Formal Schedule of Matters Reserved for the Board can be found in the Corporate Governance Compliance Statement. Committees of the Main Board The principal committees of the Board are the Audit, Remuneration,  Nomination and Corporate Compliance and Responsibility (CCR) Committees.  Ã‚  Ã‚  The composition and terms of reference of each of these Committees are set out in the Corporate Governance Compliance Statement. Internal control The Board is responsible for setting a system of internal control for the Group and reviewing its effectiveness. The control system is intended to manage rather than eliminate the risk of not meeting the Groups strategic objectives. Any such system can only provide reasonable, not absolute, assurance against material misstatement or loss. The Board is satisfied that a continual process for identifying, evaluating and managing significant risks has been in place for the financial year to 31 January 2010 and remains in place. Shareholder relations The CEO and the Group Finance Director meet regularly with analysts and institutional shareholders. The Investor Relations Director also maintains a programme of work that reports to the Board the requirements and information needs of institutional and major investors. This is part of the regular contact that the Group maintains with its institutional shareholders. All Directors, Executive and Non-Executive attend the AGM. The Chairs of the Audit, Nomination, Remuneration and CCR  Committees are available to answer any questions. Additionally, the Groups brokers sought independent feedback from investors following the Annual and Interim results in 2009. This feedback was reported to the Board. Liquidity Ratios (ASDA) : Ratio Name Answer Result Reason 2009 2008 Current Ratio 0.526 0.491 Favourable C. Assets increased more in proportion to C. liabilities Quick Ratio 0.282 0.252 Favourable More C. Assets in proportion to C. liabilities Absolute Quick Ratio 0.111 0.345 Unfavourable Stock and debtors increased, C. Assets decreased Working Capital ratio (958) (943 ) Unfavourable Lower proportion of Assets to Liabilities W.C. to C. Liabilities Ratio (0.473) ( 0.508 ) Favourable Assets increased Activity Ratios (ASDA): Ratio Name Answer Result Reason 2009 2008 Current Asset Turnover Ratio 13.628 14.251 Favourable Assets increased in 2009 Sales to Cash Ratio 44.428 67.900 Favourable Cash increased in 2009 Fixed Asset Turnover Ratio 2.029 1.928 Favourable The proportion of sales to fixed assets was a bit higher W. Capital Turnover Ratio (15.164) (13.752) Unfavourable Less working capital in 2009 Inventory Turnover Ratio 29.091 25.963 Favourable CGS increased in 2009 A. Receivable Turnover Ratio : 65.441 58.418 Favourable More sales in 2009 A. Payable Turnover Ratio 7.101 7.237 Unfavourable A. Payable increased in 2009 Average Collection Period Ratio 5.501 6.162 Favourable Higher A.Receivable turnover in 2009 Average Payment Period Ratio 50.704 49.792 Unfavourable A.Payable decreased in 2009 Solvency Ratios (ASDA): Ratio Name Answer Result Reason 2009 2008 Debt Ratio 0.450 0.426 Unfavourable Total Debt increased in 2009 Equity Ratio 0.306 0.573 Favourable T. Equity and T. Assets increased Debt to Equity Ratio 1.470 0.744 Unfavourable Total Equity decreased Debt Income Ratio 3.656 2.536 Unfavourable Long term debt increased, net income decreased Profitability Ratios (ASDA): Ratio Name Answer Result Reason 2009 2008 Gross Profit Ratio 6.284 6.307 Unfavourable Lower gross profit in proportion to sales in 2009 Net Profit Ratio 3.166 4.271 Unfavourable Lower net income in relation to sales in 2009 Return on Equity Ratio 18.253 12.654 Favourable Higher proportion of net profit to total equity Return of Total Assets Ratio 5.592 7.255 Unfavourable Lower net profit in proportion to total assets Return on Investment Ratio 7.416 9.579 Unfavourable Lower return on investment Morrison: Liquidity Ratio Ratio Name Year 2008 Year 2009 Result Reason Current Ratio Quick Ratio Absolute Quick Ratio Working Capital 0.48 0.22 0.32 947 0.52 0.30 0.42 958 Favourable Favourable Favourable Favourable Cash increased while liability decrease Cash increased while liability decrease Cash increased while liability decrease Cash increased while liability decrease Reason Liability increased while cash decrease Cash increased while liability decrease Cash increased while liability decrease Cash increased while liability decrease Reason Liability increased while cash decrease Liability increased while cash decrease Liability increased while cash decrease Activity Ratio Ratio Name Current Asset Turnover Ratio Fixed Asset Turnover Ratio Working Capital Ratio Inventory Turnover Ratio Solvency Ratio Ratio Name Debt Ratio Equity Ratio Debt to equity Ratio Year 14.31 1.92 13.6 27.4 Year 0.42 0.57 0.74 Year 13.62 2.0 15.1 28 Year 0.45 0.54 0.81 Result Unfavourable Favourable Favourable Favourable Result Unfavourable Unfavourable Unfavourable Profitability Ratio Ratio Name Gross Profit Ratio Operating Profit Ratio Net Profit Ratio Operating Ratio Year 6.30 % 4.7 % 4.2 % 95.7 % Year 6.28 % 4.6 % 3.1 % 95.6 % Result Unfavourable Unfavourable Unfavourable Favourable Reason Liability increased while cash decrease Liability increased while cash decrease Liability increased while cash decrease Cash increased while liability decrease Market Ratio Earning Per Share Dividend Pay out Ratio Cash flow Ratios Cash flow Operation to Net Income Cash flow from investing to Operation Financing Year 20.7 0.23 Year 1.04 0.25 Year 17.39 0.33 Year 1.71 0.75 Result Unfavourable Favourable Result Favourable Favourable Reason Liability increased while cash decrease Cash increased while liability decrease Reason Business has excess cash Business has excess cash Cash flow from Sales to Total Sales Cash flow to Long Term Debt Operations Cash flow to Current Liabilities Cash Dividend Coverage Ratio 0.044 0.90 0.31 120.6 0.053 0.86 0.38 136.2 Business has excess cash Business has Cash flow Problem Business has excess cash Business has excess cash Regression Line: Year (Sales) X (Asda) y (Morrison) xy (x)^2 (y)^2 Y2007 14856 12115 179980440 220700736 146773225 Y2008 12969 12462 161619678 168194961 155301444 Y2009 14528 12969 188413632 211062784 168194961 Y2010 15180 14528 220535040 230432400 211062784 = 57533 = 52074 = 750548790 = 830390881 = 681332414 B = 4 (750548790) (57533) (52074) 4 (830390881) (57533)^2 B = 3002195160 2995973442 3321563524 3310046089 B = 6221718 11517435 B = 0.54 A = Y 0.54X A = 18145.75 0.54 X A = 18145.75 (0.54) (57533) A = 18145.75 31067.82 A = 12922.1 Y = 12922.1 + 0.54 X Correlation Co-efficient of Correlation: R = 4(750548790 ) (57533) (52074) [4(830390881) (57533)^2 ] [ 4 (681332414) (52074)^2 R = 3002195160 2995973442 [ 3321563524 3310046089 ] [2725329656 2711701476 R = 3002195160 ( 11517435 ) (13628180) R = 3002195160 156961677318300 Time Series Analysis: ASDA : Year Sale 3 point total 3 point moving average Variation 2006 14756 2007 14856 42581 14193.67 662.33 2008 12969 42353 14117.67 -1148.67 2009 14528 42677 14225.67 302.33 2010 15180 Morrison Year Sale 3 point total 3 point moving average Variation 2006 12115 2007 12462 37546 12515.33 53.33 2008 12969 39959 13319.66 350.66 2009 14528 42907 14302.33 225.67 2010 15410 Task: 3 Table presents annual net income and net cash flow figures for three projects A, B C. Initial investment for all three projects is same  £98,500. Year Project A Project B Project C NI NCF NI NCF NI NCF 0 (98500) (98500) (98500) 1 7500 24750 16450 45000 24500 44300 2 95000 31000 17650 52000 30500 39200 3 14750 34000 17950 59250 19000 39000 4 21250 40250 2400 5000 13000 31250 5 24950 44500 5000 24200 (1) Calculate ARR (Accounting Rate of Return) by selecting the required rate of return. (a)Project A (b)Project B (c)Project C (2) Calculating payback periods for A, B C projects. Solution: (a) Project A Year Cash flow Net Cash flow 0 (98500) (98500) 1 24750 (73750) 2 31000 (42750) 3 34000 (8750) 4 40250 31500 5 44500 76000 Pay back Period project A = 3.22 year (b) Project B Year Cash flow Net Cash flow 0 (98500)

Savage Journey in Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness Essays -- Heart Da

Heart of Darkness:   Savage Journey  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Inherent inside every human soul is a savage evil side that remains repressed by society. Often this evil side breaks out during times of isolation from our culture, and whenever one culture confronts another. History is loaded with examples of atrocities that have occurred when one culture comes into contact with another. Whenever fundamentally different cultures meet, there is often a fear of contamination and loss of self that leads us to discover more about our true selves, often causing perceived madness by those who have yet to discover their own self.   Joseph Conrad’s book, The Heart of Darkness is a story about Man’s journey into his self, the discoveries to be made there and about Man confronting his fears of insanity, death, and cultural contamination.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   During Marlow’s mission to find Kurtz, he is also trying to find himself. He, like Kurtz had good intentions upon entering the Congo. Conrad tries to show us that Marlow is what Kurtz had been, and Kurtz is what Marlow could become. Every human has a little of Marlow and Kurtz in them.   Marlow says about himself, "I was getting savage (Conrad)," meaning that he was becoming more like Kurtz. Along the trip into the wilderness, they discover their true selves through contact with â€Å"savage† natives.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As Marlow ventures further up the Congo, he feels like he is traveling back through time. He sees the unsettled wilderness and can feel the darkness of its solitude. Marlow comes across simpler cannibalistic cultures along the banks. The deeper into the jungle he goes, the more regressive the inhabitants seem.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Kurtz had lived in the Congo, and was separated from his own culture for qu... ...ure, a self-discovery happens. Both cultures realize that deep down inside, all humans are essentially the same. We all posses a good and an evil side, and no culture no matter how "advanced," is exempt from that fact. This discovery often causes madness as this evil side is allowed out. Only those who have completed the "journey into self" can understand the actions of people such as Kurtz. They are alone in this world of horror. Works Cited Conrad, James. Heart of Darkness and Other Tales. New York, Paperbacks ltd.   1996. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Underline titles of novels. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When writing quotes, the last quotation mark should come immediately after the last word of the quote, not after the parentheses. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Great work on the works cited. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The introduction should be limited to one paragraph.   5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Overall, your paper is well-organized.